CHAPTER 2 QS025 2018 19 Nota Pelajar

Chapter 2 : First Order Differential
Equations
STUDENTS’ COPY
(2.1) Separable Variables
(2.2) First Order Linear Differential Equations
(2.3) Applications
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19
1
(2.1) SEPARABLE VARIABLES
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson , students should be able to :
(a) Distinguish between general and

particular solutions.
(b) Solve separable differential equations
2
INTRODUCTION
• Assume that the population of the earth

changes at a rate proportional to the current
population;
• In 1650 the population is estimated to have

been about 600 million and in 1950 about
2800 million.
3
3000
2500
2000
1500
Year
1000
500
0
1650 1950
Can you estimate the population in 2250 ?

•The answer cannot be found just by using
rate of change per year.
•The problem can be solved by using the
application of differential equation.
4
Lets consider the following function
dy
Given y = 3x2 + x - 2  6x 1
dx
Now reverse the process :
dy
Given an equation ,  6x 1
dx
We can solve the equation by INTEGRATION
and the SOLUTION is : y = 3x2 + x - 2
5
Definition
• A differential equation (DE) is one which
relates an independent or dependent variable
with one or more derivatives.
Example:
 
dy dy
 x2  3  y  2x3  5
dx dx
2
 dy 
2
d y dy
 dx   y 2
 sin x 3 2 4 7  0
  dx dx
6
Definition
• Order is the highest derivative in a differential
equation.
• Degree is the highest power of the highest

derivative which occurs in a differential equation.
Order = 2
EXAMPLES
3
d y  dy 
2
    3x  2 y  8
 dx 
2
dx
Degree = 1
7
EXAMPLE : ORDER DEGREE
5
 dy 
   2 x  3 sin  x   sin  y 
 dx 
 y" 4
 2 y '  5 y  3
7
4
d 3 y  dy 
   3x  2y  8
dx  dx 
3
NOTE : In this topic, we will only focus

on first order first degree DE
8
NOTE
A solution for a Differential Equation is a

function that is independent from derivatives
and satisfy the differential equation.
9
Solutions of a Differential Equation
Two types of solution:
a) General Solution : contains constant C.
Eg : y = x2 + C
b) Particular Solution :
contains a specified initial value and no constant.
Eg : y = x 2 + 3
10
10
EXAMPLE
c can be
 dy  any value
Given  dx   2x
 
The corresponding solution is y  x c
2
General solution
Given condition ‘ when x = 1 , y = 4 ’.
Then, from the general solution and the
condition, we get c = 3 and y  x 3
2
Particular solution
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 11
TUTORIAL
HOW TO SOLVE A DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION (DE) ?
It depends on the type of DE.

2 types of first order DE
(i) Separable Variable
(ii) Linear with Integrating Factor
13
Differential Equations with
Separable Variables
A differential equation is separable if it can

be written in the form of
dy
 f (x)g(y)
dx
14
Methods for solving DE
of separable variable type
dy
Consider :  f (x)g(y)
dx
f(x) - function in terms of x
g(y) - function in terms of y
dy
1) Separate the variables  f (x)dx
g(y)
2) Integrate both sides 1

 g(y) dy   f (x) dx
15
EXAMPLE 1
Solve the following differential equations .

2
dy 3 x
(a) 
dx y
dy y ( x  1)
(b) 2 
dx x
 sin x  dy
(c )    cos x
 1  y  dx
16
SOLUTION 1 (a):
2
dy 3x
(a)  Separate
dx y the
variables
dy
y  3x 2
dx
 2   2
y dy 3 x dx Integrate both sides
General Solution :
y
 x c
 
3
2 y  2 x c
2 3
17
SOLUTION 1 (b):
dy y ( x  1) Separate the
(b) 2  variables
dx x
2  x 1 
y dy   x 
  dx
1  1
2  dy   1   dx Integrate both sides
y  x
General Solution:
2 ln y  x  ln x  c
1
1  x  ln x  c 
ln y   x  ln x  c  ye 2
2
18
SOLUTION SOLUTION 1 (c):
19
EXAMPLE 2
Find the general solution of the DE
x dy
e  (1  y ) 2
dx
21
SOLUTION 2:
EXAMPLE 3
Find the particular solutions of the following

DE and express y in terms of x.
dy
(a) x  2 y  3 , given y  1 when x  1
dx
dy
(b)  y (1  y ) , y (0)  4
dx
23
SOLUTION 3 (a) :
dy
(a) x  2 y  3 , given y  1 when x  1
dx
1 1 substitute
 2 y  3 dy   x dx y=1,x=1
Find the value
ln(2 y  3) of c .
 ln x  c
2
1 1 1
ln 5  ln1  c ln(2 y  3)  ln x  ln 5
2 2 2
1 1
c  ln 5  ln(2 y  3)  ln 5  ln x
2 2 24
1
 ln(2 y  3)  ln 5  ln x
2
1  2y  3 
ln    ln x 2y  3
2  5  x 2
5
 2y  3 
ln    2 ln x 2 y  3  5x 2
 5 
 2y  3  Particular Solution
  ln x
2
ln 
 5  5x  3
2
y
2
25
SOLUTION 3 (b):
26
27
28
EXAMPLE 4
Solve the following DE

dy 2 y
(1  sin x) 2
 e sin 2 x
dx
given y = 1 when x = 0
29
SOLUTION 4 :
30
Past Year 2015
SOLUTION:
x
dy
dx
 1  2 x2 y  
dy 1 2 x2
 y  x
dx 1 MARK
ln y  ln x  x 2  c 2 MARKS
x  1, y  1
ln1  ln1  1  c, c  1 2 MARKS
ln y  ln x  x 2  1 1 MARK
ln x  x 2 1
y e
1 x 2
y  xe 1 MARK
CONCLUSION :
Solving separable variable differential equations

Consider the first order DE
Step 1
dy
f ( x ) h( y )
dx
Step 2 Separate the variables

1
dy  f ( x)dx
h( y )
Step 3
Integrate both sides of the equation
1
 h( y)dy   f ( x)dx
34
EXERCISE :
1. Solve the following separable equations :
dy 1 x2
a)  2 y 2  xy2 , ans :    2x  c
dx y 2
1 3x
dy e
b)  ye 3 x , ans : y  ce 3
dx
dy 1
c)  ( 2  x )(3  y ) , ans : ln( 3  y )  ( 2  x ) 2  c
dx 2
dx 2
d)  x y , ans : e x  2e  y  c
dy e
dy 1 1
2
e) cos ec y  , ans :  cot y  sin 2 x  c
dx sec 2 x 2
35
1 A B
2. Express 2   , where A and B are
x  4x  5 x  5 x 1
cons tan ts. Hence, find the particular solution for the
dy 1
equation y  2 , given that y  1 when x  2
dx x  4 x  5
1 1 1 1 7( x  1)
ans : 2   , y  ln
2
1
x  4x  5 6( x  5) 6( x  1) 3 x5
36
(2.2) FIRST ORDER LINEAR
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
Learning Outcomes:
Solve first order linear differential

equations by means of an integrating factor
37
Consider this DE
dy
x  y (1  x)
dx
1 (1  x)
dy  dx
y x
1 (1  x)
y  x
dy  dx
We can solve this DE by using separable

variable method
38
cannot be
dy y separated
But  1
dx x  1
• Therefore the separable variable method cannot
be used.
• It can only be solved by using integrating factor –
this type of differential equation is called
First Order Linear Differential Equations
39
First Order Linear Differential Equations
dy
General Form:  P( x) y  Q( x)
dx
( P( x), Q( x) are the functions of x)
The method of solving the differential equation
is to change to certain form by means of an
“ Integrating Factor ”
Integrating factor, V(x) = e
 P ( x ) dx
40
Identify P(x) and Q(x) for this examples :
Differential
P(x) Q(x)
Equation
dy y 1
1.  x  x
dx x  1 ( x  1)
dy
2.
 3y  x
dx
3. x dy  y tan x  sec x
dx
4. x dy  y  x
dx
41
Steps on solving Non-Separable DE:
dy
 P( x ) y  Q( x ) ………. DE
dx
1st Determine P(x) and Q(x)
2nd Find integrating factor(IF), V(x) V ( x)  e  P ( x ) dx
 dy 
3rd Multiply DE with IF V ( x)  P( x) y   V ( x)Q( x)
 dx 
4th Integrate both sides  d vy   V ( x)Q( x)dx

vy   V ( x)Q( x)dx
42
EXAMPLE 1
dy
dy y  P( x ) y  Q( x )
Solve   x 2 dx
dx x
Solution 1 :
1
1. P( x)  , Q(x)  x 2
x
 P  x dx
2. V x   e 1
Integrating Factor (IF)
 x dx
V ( x)  e e ln x
x
43
 dy y 
3. x    x x 2
  multiply the
 dx x  DE with IF
dy
x yx 3
dx
d
 xy   x 3 Integrate both
sides
dx
 
x3 c
y 
  
4 x
3
4. d xy x dx
4
x
xy   c
4
44
EXAMPLE 2
P( x)  3
Q( x)  x
dy
Solve  3y  x
dx
45
46
47
EXAMPLE 3
Solve the differential equation
dy 
x  y  x sin 2 x given y   , x 
2
dx 4
Solution 3 :
General form
dy y
  x sin 2 x
dx x
1
P( x)   , Q( x)  x sin 2 x
x 48
1
  dx
V ( x)  e x
 ln x
e
1
x
 dy y  1
  x  x sin 2 x 
1
x  
 dx x
d 1 1
( x y )  x ( x sin 2 x)
dx
49
 
1 1
d ( x y )  x ( x sin 2 x ) dx
x y   x x sin 2 x
1 1
General
  sin 2xdx Solution
 cos 2 x
 c
2
 x cos 2 x
y  cx
2
50
  x cos 2 x
y   , when x  y  cx
4 2
  
   cos 
  4 2
 c( )
2 4

  0 c Particular
4 Solution
c4
 x cos 2 x
y  4x
2
51
EXAMPLE 4
dy
solve  (tan x) y  cos x, given y(0)=2
2
dx
Solution 4 :
52
53
54
55
EXAMPLE 5
dr
Solve e t
 2et r  3 , r (0)  2
dt
Solution 5 :
56
57
Past Year 2015
SOLUTION:
dy
 y cot x  2sin x
dx
cos x
P( x)  cot x  , Q( x)  2sin x
sin x
cos x dx 1 du
 
V ( x)  e sin x  e u  eln u  elnsin x  sin x 3 MARKS
dy
sin x(  y cos x)  2sin x sin x
dx
d
dx
 y sin x   2sin 2 x
d 
  dx  y sin x   dx   2 sin 2
x dx 2 MARKS
y sin x   2sin 2 xdx
y sin x  1  cos 2 xdx 1 MARK
1
y sin x  x  sin 2 x  c 1 MARK
2
dy
General form:  P( x) y  Q( x)
dx
get P( x) and Q( x)
Find V(x)=e  P ( x ) dx
Solve it : V ( x) y   V ( x)Q( x)dx

60
EXERCISE :
1. Find the general solution of :
dy 2 c
a) ( x  4)  x y  0
3
ans : y 
dx 3
x3  4
dy
b) (1  cos x)  y sin x  cot x ans : (1  cos x) y  ln sin x  c
dx
dy sin 2 x
c)  y cot x  2 sin x ans : y sin x  x  c
dx 2
dy e3 x
d )  6 y  e3 x ans : y   ce 6 x
dx 9
2 dy
e) (1  x )  xy  x ans : y  1  c 1  x 2
dx
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 61
Solution 1(b):
dy (2.3) APPLICATIONS
b) (1  x)  y  0
dx
Learning Outcomes:
Solve problems that can be modelled by

differential equations.
62
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Many problems in physics, chemistry,

biology, social sciences and economics
can be mathematically stated in the
form of differential equations.
63
Steps in problem solving of Differential Equations
1st Define the variable; example : x(t)=…
2nd Write the proportional equation in terms of k
3rd Integrate x with respect to t & we will get

the new equation in terms of k & c
---- equation (1)
4th Substitute t=0 in equation (1) & find c
64
5th Rewrite the equation (1) with the new value of
c [now in terms of k only — equation (2) ]
6th Find the value of k by substituting t = ? To the

value given in the question in equation (2)
7th Solve the rest of the question referring to

equation (2)
65
EXAMPLE 1
Assume that the population of the earth changes at a

rate proportional to the current population.
(a)Write the differential equation satisfied by the

population.
(b) In 1990 the population is estimated to have been

about 3.9 million and in 2000 about 5.3 million. By
solving the differential equation and fitting this data,
estimate the population at time t .
(c) Hence, estimate the population in 2020.
66
Solution 1:
Let P(t) = population at time t
(a)
dP
 kP ln P  kt  c
dt
kx  c
1 dP Pe
(b) k
P dt
Pe e kt c
1
P 
dP  kdt  P  Ae kt
67
P  Ae kt
When t =0, P= 3.9 X 106 Year 1990
3.9 x 10  Ae6 0
A  3.9x10 6
Therefore P  3.9x10 e 6 kt
68
When t =10, P = 5.3 X 106 Year 2000
6 6 10 k
5.3x10  3.9x10 e
5. 3 5.3
e 10k
 10 k  ln
3 .9 3.9
5.3
ln e
10 k
 ln k  0.0307
3.9
6 0.0307 t
Therefore P  3.9x10 e
69
When t = 30 Year 2020
P  3.9x10 e 6 0.0307(30)
 9.796 10 6
 9.8 million
Hence, the population in 2020 is 9.8 million
70
Past Year 2012
SOLUTION:
dP (t )
 0.005 P (t )
dt
dP (t )
Thus,  0.005 P dt
P (t )
1
 P(t ) dP(t )   0.005dt 1 MARK
ln P (t )  0.005t  c 1 MARK
P (t )  e 0.005t  c , let A  e c
P (t )  Ae0.005t
1 MARK
P (0)  Ae 0.005(0)
A  1500 1 MARK
P (10)  Ae 0.005(10)  1576.9  1577 2 MARKS
EXAMPLE 2
A turkey is taken out from the oven at

300 0F and placed at room temperature
of 70 0F.
The differential equation is written as
dx
 k ( x  70 )
0
dt
In t = 2 minutes, the turkey’s temperature

is 200 0F. Find how long does it take the
turkey to cool down to 1500 F.
73
Solution 2:
x(t)  turkey ' s temperature at time t

dx
 k (x  70 ) When t  0, x  300
0 0
dt
dx ln(300  70)  k(0)  c,
 k dt
x  70
 ln230  c
dx
 x  70   k dt  ln(x  70)  kt  ln230
ln(x  70)  kt  c,
74
When t  2, x  200 0
ln(200  70)  k(2)  ln230

ln(130)  2k  ln230
2k  ln230  ln130
230
2k  ln
130
1  23 
k  l n 
2  13 
 1 23 
 ln(x  70)    ln  t  ln 230
 2 13  75
 1 23 
 ln(x  70)    ln  t  ln230
 2 13 
When x  150,t  ?
1 23 
ln(150  70)     ln( )  t  ln230
2 13 
1 23
 ln( ) t  ln230  ln80
2 13 23
ln( )
t2 8 t  3.7minutes
23
ln( )
KMS/SM025_MATH/2018_19 13 76
EXAMPLE 3
The rate of decay for a radioactive substance

is proportional to the remaining
concentration, which is given by the
differential equation
dx
  kx
dt
If one third of the substance still remains
within 12 years, what is the percentage of
the substance left available after 3 years.
77
Solution 3:
78
79
80
81
EXAMPLE 5
The basic equation governing the amount of

current I in a simple RL circuit is given by
dt  50 I  5
dI
. When t = 0, I = 0, find the
current at any time t.
82
Solution 5:
83
84
Past Year 2016
SOLUTION PART (a)
dx
  dt
50  x
dx
 50  x 
  dt 1 MARK
ln 50  x
 t  c 1 MARK
1
50  x  Ae  t , A  e  c 1 MARK
x  50  Ae  t
t  0, x  0; A  50 1 MARK
x  t   50  50e  t
 50 1  e  t  1 MARK
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR PART (a)
dx
   50  x 
dt
dx
  x  50
dt
integrating factor v  t   e   dt
 e t 2 MARKS
d
dt
 et
 x   50 et
1 MARK
e t x  50e t  A
x  50  Ae  t 1 MARK
t  0, x  0; A  50
x  50 1  e  t  1 MARK
SOLUTION PART (b)
(b)t  30, x  35;

   30 
35  50  50e 1 MARK
  0.0401 1 MARK
x  t   50  50e
0.0401 t
1 MARK
SOLUTION PART (c)-i
when t  60,
0.0401( 60)
x  50  50e 1 MARK
 45.5 1 MARK
SOLUTION PART (c)-ii
(ii )when t  40,

0.0401t
40  50  50e 1 MARK
t  40 1 MARK
CONCLUSION
Steps in problem solving of Differential Equations
1. Define the variable; example : x(t)=…
2. Write the proportional equation in terms of k
3. Integrate x with respect to t & we will get the new

equation in k & c terms -- equation (1)
4. Substitute t=0 in equation (1) & find c
91
5. Rewrite the equation (1) with the new value
of c [now in k terms only — equation (2) ]
6. Find the value of k by substituting t = ? To the

value given in the question in equation (2)
7. Solve the rest of the question referring to

equation (2)
92
EXERCISE
1. Radium decomposed at a rate which is proportional
to the amount present at any time. If 10%
decomposed in 200 years, what percentage of the
original amount of Radium will remain after 1000
years?
Ans : 59% will remain after 10 years
2. A body whose temperature is 1800 C is cooled by

immersing in a liquid at 60 C . In one minute, the
0
temperature of the body has fallen to 1200 C . How

long will it take for the temperature of the body
will fall to 90 C ?
0
Ans :2 minute
93

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CHAPTER 2 QS025 2018 19 Nota Pelajar

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Chapter 2 : First Order Differential

(2.1) Separable Variables

(2.2) First Order Linear Differential Equations

(a) Distinguish between general and

(b) Solve separable differential equations

• Assume that the population of the earth

• In 1650 the population is estimated to have

Can you estimate the population in 2250 ?

• Degree is the highest power of the highest

NOTE : In this topic, we will only focus

A solution for a Differential Equation is a

a) General Solution : contains constant C.

contains a specified initial value and no constant.

It depends on the type of DE.

A differential equation is separable if it can

2) Integrate both sides 1

Solve the following differential equations .

Find the general solution of the DE

Find the particular solutions of the following

Solve the following DE

Solving separable variable differential equations

Step 2 Separate the variables

At the end of the lesson , students should be able to :

Solve first order linear differential

We can solve this DE by using separable

2nd Find integrating factor(IF), V(x) V ( x)  e  P ( x ) dx

4th Integrate both sides  d vy   V ( x)Q( x)dx

Solve it : V ( x) y   V ( x)Q( x)dx

At the end of the lesson , students should be able to :

Solve problems that can be modelled by

Many problems in physics, chemistry,

1st Define the variable; example : x(t)=…

2nd Write the proportional equation in terms of k

3rd Integrate x with respect to t & we will get

4th Substitute t=0 in equation (1) & find c

6th Find the value of k by substituting t = ? To the

7th Solve the rest of the question referring to

Assume that the population of the earth changes at a

(a)Write the differential equation satisfied by the

(b) In 1990 the population is estimated to have been

(c) Hence, estimate the population in 2020.

When t =0, P= 3.9 X 106 Year 1990

Hence, the population in 2020 is 9.8 million

A turkey is taken out from the oven at

In t = 2 minutes, the turkey’s temperature

x(t)  turkey ' s temperature at time t

ln(200  70)  k(2)  ln230

The rate of decay for a radioactive substance

The basic equation governing the amount of

(b)t  30, x  35;

(ii )when t  40,

1. Define the variable; example : x(t)=…

2. Write the proportional equation in terms of k

3. Integrate x with respect to t & we will get the new

4. Substitute t=0 in equation (1) & find c

6. Find the value of k by substituting t = ? To the

7. Solve the rest of the question referring to

2. A body whose temperature is 1800 C is cooled by

temperature of the body has fallen to 1200 C . How

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