SOLUTIONS AND

COLLOIDS
A solution is a homogeneous mixture
made up of a solute and a solvent.
Either of which can be in any of the
three states of matter.

The factors that affect solubility are

properties of the solute and
solvent(such as polarity and ionic
character), temperature, and
pressure (only for those involving
gases).
The factors that affect rate of
solution are particle size,
stirring, and temperature.
A solution can be saturated,
unsaturated, or supersaturated.
5. The concentration of a solution can
be expressed in numerousways, four
of which are as follows;
(a) percent by mass of solute
mass of solution X 100
mass=
Volume of solute
(percent by X
Volume of
volume= 100 )
Moles ofsolution
solute
(b) Molal
Kilograms
(m)=
(c) Mole fraction solvent
of
solute (or solvent) Moles of solute or solvent
Total moles solute and
= solvent
Moles of
(d) Molar or solute
formal = Liter solution
6. According to Raoult’s law,
the vapor pressure of the
volatile component of a
mixture will be equal to the
mole fraction of that
component times the initial
vapor pressure of the
component; that is, PA=XAPA.
Colligative properties of a solution depend
on the number of particles of solute
present in a given amount of solvent. For
example, the freezing point of a solution
is lowered by a given amount (for a
particular solvent) for each mole of
solute particles that are present in a
kilogram of the solvent. Thus, for any
solvent there is a constant called the
molal freezing point depression ( or
boiling point elevation) constant, which
gives the change in freezing point (or
boiling point) for a one molal solution of
any nonelectrolyte in the solvent.
Colloids are similar to solutions, except
that the particles are a larger in a
colloid; they are large to be detected
(unlike solute particles in a solution)
but are not large enough to settle out
(unlike a precipitate, which will
eventually settle out). The colloidal
particles are called the dispersed
phase, and the other part of the
mixture is called the dispersing
medium ( equivalent to the solute
and solvent in a solution).
Colloidal particles can be observed when
a beam of light is passed through them,
due to the scattering of the light by the
particles (this is called the Tyndall
Effect). Also due to the bombardment of
the dispersed particles of the molecules
of the dispersing medium, a rapid
random motion of the particles can be
observed ( called Brownian movement).
Often colloidal particles have a layer of
ions surrounding them, which also
keeps the particles from setting out.
If a solution is separated from a pure
solvent by a semipermeable
membrane, the solvent tends to flow
in the solution, to make it more
dilute, due to osmosis