Topic: Member Functions

Course Name:
Object Oriented
Programming with
C/C++
Course Code:
19008600
Accessing Member Functions Within
The Class
 A member function of a class can call
any other member function of its own
class as well irrespective of its
privilege and this situation is called
nesting of member functions.
 Method of calling a function of one’s
own class is similar to calling any
other standard(library) functions in
program.
 For example:
Data Hiding
 Declaring class members under private
keyword, provides some security to the data,
known as DATA HIDING.
 Data members are declared as private,
however sometimes member functions can
also be declared as private.
 In this case objects can’t access these
member functions also.
 To access them, objects must access a public
member function( Which in turn can access
the private member function).

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Data Hiding(Summary)
 Data Hiding is also known as “Data Abstraction”
 It means SHOW that data which important for
user and HIDE data which is not important.
In other words, showing only that data with which
users wants to interact and to hide the details which
are not necessary for the user.

This is known as “DATA ABSTRACTION”

**Another Important factor of it is that it not only
“hide the data” but “also protect the data” i.e.
whatever information is hidden is automatically
protected.**
 Class ,Objects & Memory Resources
 When a class is declared memory is not allocated
to the data members of the class.
 When an object is created for particular class,
memory is allocated to both data members &
member functions. THIS IS PARTLY TRUE.
Memory only allocated to data members.
 Allobjects of that class have access to the same
area in the memory where the member functions
are stored.
 Separate allocation for every object data
members since that they contain different values.
 Static Members of a class

 A class may contain following type of

static member:
 Static data members
 Static member functions
 Static Data Member:
 When a data members is declared with
“static” keyword known as “static data
members”
Syntax:
Static data_type variable;
 Static Members of a class(Cont…)
 Features:
 Static Data Member is associated with the
class not with object i.e. declared once and
then shared among objects of the class.
 Initialization of static member is extremely
important else it will store “Garbage Value”.
Syntax:
Data_type class_name : : variable_name=value;
Data_type class_name : : variable_name;

 Static is initialized only once after that it always retains

the last changed value.
 Static Data Member can be accessed using normal
member function & static member function.
 Static Members of a class(Cont…)

 Static Member Function:

 When a member function is declared with
static keyword then it is known as static
member function.
Synatx:
static return_type function_name()
{
}
 Static Members of a class(Cont….)

 Features:
 Static member function can be Public/Private.
 When Public: it invoked using its class name
without using object.
 When Private: the function is invoked inside a
static public member function.
 Static Member Function can access only static
members of a class.
 It is declared only once & the same copy of
static function is shared by the objects of that
class.
 Static Objects
 When object is made static, then all data
members are initialized by a default value
as per data type.
 Only one object can be made static.
 For Example:
Example of Array of Object
 Friend Function
 Access Privileges in C++
◦ You have access privileges in C++ such as
public, private, protected that helps in
encapsulation of data at various level.
 Private:
If data are declared as private in a class
then its accessible by the member
functions of the class where they are
declared.
The private member functions can be
accessed only by the member of the class.
By default, any member of the class is
considered as private by the C++ compiler,
if no specifier is declared for the member.
 Friend Function(Cont…)
 Public:
 The member functions with public access specifier
can be accessed outside of the class. This kind of
members is accessed by creating instance of class.

 Protected:
 Protected members are accessible by the class itself
and its subclasses.
 This specifier specially used when you need to use
inheritance facility of C++.
 The protected members become private of a child
class in case of private inheritance, public in case of
public inheritance, stay protected in case of protected
inheritance.
 Friend Function(Cont…)
 When we want our private data to be shared by non
member function.
Then:
• Basically , we declare something as a friend, you give it
access to your private data members.
• Single functions or entire classes may be declared as
friends of a class.
 Friend Function(Cont…)
 A friend function is a non-member function of the class
that has been granted access to all private members of
the class.
 We simply declare the function within the class by
prefixing its declaration with keyword friend.
 Function definition must not use keyword friend.
 Definition of friend function is specified outside the
class body and is not treated as a part of the class.
 The MAJOR difference b/w member function and friend
function is that the member function is accessed
through object to be passed as parameter.
Syntax
 class<class_name>
{
……
public:
friend return_type function_name(class_name obj)

};
return_type function_name(class_name obj)
{

}
 Note:
 Friend Function must present inside
the function. However, function must
be defined outside the class without
using “Friend” keyword.
 Since it is not a member of a class, a
friend function is directly called
without using object.
 A function can be friend to multiple
classes.
 A class can have multiple Friend
Function.
Ques Write a program in C++ to find out useful life of a product using class &
object. Use friend function to calculate the lifetime of product.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Class PRO
{
int mfg, exp;
public:
void input ( );
friend void lifetime(PRO);
};
void PRO : : input( )
{
cout<< “Enter the year of manufacture & expiry: “;
cin>> mfg>> exp;
}
void lifetime(PRO p1)
{
int LOP=0;
LOP=p1.exp – p1.mfg;
cout<< “ Useful life of a product : “ << LOP <<‘’yrs”;
}
void main( )
{
PRO p2;
p2.input;
lifetime(p2); //Friend Function is called
getch();
}
Ques Write a program in C++ to illustrate the concept that a function can friend of
multiple classes.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class TWO; //Forward declaration of class
class ONE
{
int n1;
public:
void input ( );
friend void add(ONE,TWO); //Friend Function of class one
};
void ONE: : input( )
{
cout<< “Enter the value of n1: “;
cin>> n1;
}
class TWO
{
int n2;
public:
void input ( );
friend void add(ONE,TWO); //Friend Function of class two
};
void TWO: : input( )
{
cout<< “Enter the value of n1: “;
cin>> n2;
}
Void add(ONE o1,TWO t1)
{
int sum=0;
sum=o1.n1 + t1.n2;
cout<< “ Sum is “ <<sum;
}
Void main( )
{
ONE o2;
o2.input();
TWO t2;
t2.input();
add(02,t2);
}

Ques (Do it own your own)

Write C++ program to illustrate the concept that a class can have
multiple friend function.
Ques (Do it own your own)
Write C++ program to illustrate the concept that a class can have
multiple friend function.

Ques (Do it own your own)

Write a program to find Maximum out of Two Numbers Using Friend
Function.

Ques (Do it own your own)

Write a program to swap private data members of classes named as
class_1, class_2 using friend function.