Work, Energy, and Power

Objectives
• Define mechanical work
• Distinguish the differences between
positive and negative work
• Define energy
• Define kinetic energy
 Objectives
• Define gravitational potential energy
• Define strain energy
• Explain the relationship between
mechanical work and energy
• Define power
 Introduction
• This chapter discusses force, energy, work
power and their relationships
• Some analyses and explanations are
easier if based on work and energy
relationships rather than Newtonian
mechanics
 Work
• Product of force and the amount of
displacement in the direction of that force
-work is done whenever a force produces
movement
• Means by which energy is transferred from
one object or system to another
• W = F(s)
– W = work done on an object
– F = average force applied to an object
– s = displacement of an object along the line of
action of the force
 Work

• Units for work are units of force time units

of length (ft·lb or Nm)
• International units—joule (J), in honor of
James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) for his
accomplishment in the study of work and
energy
1J = 1Nm

Units again…
 Work

To calculate work done on an object, we need:

The Force
The average magnitude of the force
The direction of the force
The Displacement
The magnitude of the change of position
The direction of the change of position
 Work
Atlas holds up the Earth

But he doesn’t move, dist = 0

Work= F x dist= 0

He doesn’t do any work!

 Work
Positive work vs. Negative work
Positive work is performed when the
direction of the force and the direction of
motion are the same
Negative work is performed when the
direction of the force and the direction of
motion are opposite
 Work
Positive work vs. Negative work
Example
-During the ascent phase of a rep of the bench press, the lifter
sexerts an average vertical force of 1000 N against a barbell
swhile the barbell moves 0.75 m upward
How much work did the lifter do to the barbell?
-During the descent phase of a rep of the bench press, the lifter
sexerts an average vertical force of 1000 N against a barbell
swhile the barbell moves 0.75 m downward
How much work did the lifter do to the barbell?
 Work
Calculate Work
During ascent phase
Table of Variables: Force is positive due to
Force = +1000 N pushing upward
Displacement = +0.75 m Displacement is positive
Select the equation and solve: due to moving upward

Work  Force  displacement

Work   1000 N   0.75m 
Work  750 Nm  750 Joule  750 J
 Work
Calculate Work
During descent phase
Table of Variables: Force is positive due to
Force = +1000 N pushing upward
Displacement = -0.75 m Displacement is negative
Select the equation and solve: due to moving downward

Work  Force  displaceme nt

Work   1000 N   0.75m 
Work  750 Nm  750 Joule  750 J
 Work
WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE
Example 1
• Find the work done by a force
F=45N in pulling the luggage
carrier shown in the figure at
angleθ = 50.0° for a distance
s=75

Solution:
The work done by the 45N force is
W= (Fcosθ)s = [(45N)cos50.0°] (75m) = 2170J
 Energy
• Capacity to do work
• Energy is what makes matter do something
(work = force x distance)
• Many forms (types of energy)
-Mechanical,Radiant,Sound -Gravitational
-Chemical, Heat(thermal), Electrical, Nuclear
• This chapter primarily concerned with
mechanical energy
Kinetic—energy due to motion
Potential—energy due to position
 Kinetic Energy
• Moving object has the capacity to do work
due to its motion
• Mass and velocity of an object affects
kinetic energy and the capacity to do work
• Kinetic energy is proportional to the
square of the velocity
 Kinetic Energy
• KE = ½mv²
– KE = kinetic energy
– m = mass
– v = velocity
• Units for kinetic energy are units of mass times
velocity squared, or kg(m²/s²) or [kg(m/s²)]m or
Nm or Joules
• Unit of measurement for kinetic energy is the
same as the unit of measurement for work
 Kinetic Energy
• How much kinetic energy does a baseball
thrown at 80mi/hr (35.8m/s) have? A
baseball mass is 145g (.145kg).
• Determining the kinetic energy of an object
is easier than determining the work done
by a force, because we can measure
mass and velocity more easily than we
can measure force
 Potential Energy
• Energy an object has due to position
– Gravitational—Energy due to an object’s
position relative to the earth
– Strain—Energy due to the deformation of an
object
 Gravitational Potential Energy
• Related to the object’s weight and its
elevation or height above the ground or
some reference point
• PE = Wh or PE = mgh
– PE = gravitational potential energy
– W = weight
– m = mass
– g = acceleration due to gravity
– h = height
 Gravitational Potential Energy
• How much gravitational potential energy
does a 700N ski jumper have at the top of
a 90m jump?
• Bottom of the hill is the reference point
 Strain Energy
• Energy due to the deformation of an object
• Related to stiffness, material properties,
and its deformation
• SE = ½kΔx²
– SE = strain energy
– k = stiffness or spring constant of material
– Δx = change in length or deformation of the
object from its undeformed position
 Strain Energy
• How much strain energy is stored in a
tendon that is stretched .005m if the
stiffness of the tendon is 10,000N/m?
• In human movement and sports, energy is
possessed by athletes and objects due to
their motion (kinetic energy), their position
above the ground (potential energy), and
their deformation (strain energy)
 Work—Energy Theorem
And Kinetic Energy
Concept at a Glance

• THE WORK – ENERGY THEOREM W=KEf – KEo

When a net external force does work W on an object,
the kinetic energy of the object changes from its initial
value KEi to final value of KEf, the difference between
the two values being equal to work
 Work—Energy Theorem
And Kinetic Energy
WORK – ENERGY THEOREM

SF=ma (Newton’s second law)

W =(SF)s (Work)
Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2as (Kinematic equation)
(SF)s=m[(Vf 2 - Vo2)/2]
Thus: a = (Vf 2 - Vo2)/2s
W=(1/2)mVf 2 – (1/2)mVo2
From: SF =ma
SF=m[(Vf 2 - Vo2)/2s] W= KEf – KEo
(SF)s=m[(Vf 2 - Vo2)/2]
 Work—Energy Theorem
And Kinetic Energy
Example
• A 58-kg skier is coasting down a 25° slope, as
figure shows. A kinetic frictional force of
magnitude fk=70N opposes her motion. Near the
top of the slope, the skier’s speed is Vo=3.6m/s.
Ignoring air resistance, determine the speed Vf
at a point that is displaced 57m downhill.
• Solution:
The net external force along x-axis is
SF = mgsin25 – fk
= (58kg)(9.81m/s2)sin25° - 70N = +170N
Work done by net force is:
W= (SF)s =170N(57m) = 9700J
W=KEf – KEo (work-energy theorem)
• Thus: KEf = W + KEo = 9700J + (1/2)(58kg)(3.6m/s) 2
• KEf = 10100J = (1/2)mVf 2
• Vf = 19 m/s
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• Total mechanical energy of an object is
constant or conserved when no external
forces (other than gravity) act on the
object (e.g. projectile motion)
• Drop a 1kg ball from a height of 4.91m–
Potential energy (PEi) of the ball just
before letting go is the same as the kinetic
energy (KEf) of the ball just before hitting
the ground
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• We can determine how fast the ball was
going just before it hits the ground
• PEi = Kef
• mgh = ½mvf²
• We could also use the equation from
Chapter 2
– vf² = 2gy (p. 66)
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• Pole vaulting
– Total mechanical energy at the instant of
takeoff should equal the total mechanical
energy at bar clearance
– Vaulters kinetic energy at takeoff is
transformed into strain energy as the pole
bends, and this strain energy is then
transformed into potential energy
– Height of a pole vault largely dependent on
running speed
 Power
• Rate of doing work
• In sports, excelling requires not just the
ability to do a large amount of work, but
also the ability to do that work in a short
amount of time
• Power can be thought of as how quickly or
slowly work is done
 Power
• SI units for power are watts (W)
• 1W = 1J/s
• P = U/Δt
– P = power
– U = work done
– Δt = time taken to do the work
• P = F(d)/Δt
• P = Fv
 Power
• Power can be defined as average force
times average velocity along the line of
action of that force
• Combination of force and velocity
determines power output—What is the
best tradeoff?
• Cycling—Higher gear (higher pedal forces
and slower pedal rate) versus Lower gear
(lower pedal forces and higher pedal rate)
 Power
• Characteristics of muscles determine the optimal
tradeoff between force and velocity
• As a muscle’s velocity of contraction increases,
its maximum force of contraction decreases
• If the muscle’s velocity of contraction is
multiplied by its maximum force of contraction
for that velocity, the muscle’s power output for
each velocity can be determined
• Maximum power occurs at a velocity
approximately one-half the muscle’s maximum
contraction velocity (depending on specific
movement and training status)
 Power
• Places a constraint on performance
• Duration of activity influences the power output
that an individual can sustain
• Olympic weightlifter performing a clean and jerk
(high force and high velocity) generates a VERY
LARGE power output, but only for a brief interval
of time
• Sprinter, middle distance runner, marathon
runner—Power output progressively decreases
as the length of the activity increases
 Summary
• Work done by a force is the force times the
displacement of the object along the line of
action of the force acting on it
• Energy is the capacity to do work
• Energy can be divided into potential (position)
and kinetic (motion)
• Potential energy can be divided into gravitational
and strain
• The work done by a force (other than gravity)
causes a change in energy of an object
• Power is defined as the rate of doing work