VECTORS

Quantities can be described

with magnitude, units, and
directions.

1. 1 m, 30 degrees North of East

2. 2 N, SE
3. 2 s
 ACTIVITY
In your notebook, identify the following if it has both
magnitude and direction. Write  or × then submit the
filler afterwards.
1. Mass 10. Work
2. Temperature 11. Current
3. Force 12. Voltage
4. Displacement 13. Density
5. Energy 14. Pressure
6. Momentum 15. Torque
7. Velocity
8. Acceleration
9. Time
 SCALAR VECTOR

scala means vehere means

“step or ladder” “to carry”

Magnitude and Magnitude,

appropriate appropriate
units units, and
direction
 SCALAR VECTOR
- Mass
- Temperature - Force
- Energy - Displacement
- Distance
- Speed - Velocity
- Time - Acceleration
- Work - Momentum
- Pressure
- Current
- Torque
- Voltage
- Density
 VECTOR
Represented by an arrow
Length of the arrow = magnitude;
direction of the arrow = direction
Symbol: arrow at the top of a letter or a
capital letter in bold
change it into a magnitude by placing
two bars enclosing it.
 ՜
A or 𝐴 = 1 m, East

՜
A or 𝐴 = 3 m, West
2D Cartesian Coordinate System
3D Cartesian Coordinate System
3D Cartesian Coordinate System
 Vector Representation and Direction
Draw the following vectors and specify their
directions:
1. 𝐴Ԧ is 30 degrees N of E
2. 𝐵 is NW
3. 𝐶Ԧ 20 degrees W of N
4. 𝐷 is 40 degrees W of S
5. 𝐸 is 25 degrees S of W
Are they the same?
 HOW TO DRAW A VECTOR GIVEN ITS
MAGNITUDE ?
1. Prepare your ruler, protractor and graphing
paper.
2. Draw the Cartesian Coordinate System
3. Choose the appropriate scale (1 cm = 1 N)
4. Draw a dot with respect to the origin to estimate
the magnitude and the direction of the vector (if
it is angled then draw a dot to represent the
angle measured)
5. Trace a line from the origin to the marked dot.
 PRACTICE
Draw the following vector in a graphing paper:
1. 5.0, 600 N of E (Scale: 1 cm = 1 N)
2. 7 N, SE
3. 25 m, 300 W of S (Scale: 1 cm = 5 m)
4. 50 m, 400 W of N (Scale: 1 cm = 10 m)
VECTOR RESOLUTION
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR

՜
𝒂
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
 The signs of the components
depend on the quadrants they lie.
 PRACTICE
A. Find the magnitude and the direction of the
vector given the following components:
1. 𝐴𝑥 = 5.0 m; 𝐴𝑦 = - 5.0 m
2. 𝐴𝑥 = -2.0 m; 𝐴𝑦 = 1.0 m

B. Find the components of the following vectors:

1. 2 m, NE
2. 10 m, 53 degrees W of N
3. 8 m, S
 SEATWORK

Compute for the x

and y components of
the given vectors
 OPERATION IN VECTORS
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION
1. Analytical
2. Graphical
 PRODUCT
1. Scalar or Dot Product
2. Vector or Cross Product
It is hard to define vector division
 VECTOR ADDITION

ANALYTICAL

GRAPHICAL SINE AND

COSINE LAW

PARALLELOGRAM POLYGON
 Parallelogram Method
1. Choose an appropriate scale for the graph
(ex. 1 cm = 1 N)
2. Using the scale chosen, draw the vectors. The
origin must be the tail of the vectors.
3. Construct a parallelogram
4. Draw a diagonal line from the common point/origin
to the opposite side. This is the resultant ՜ .
𝑅
5. Measure the length of the parallelogram and
determine the angle and the using a protractor.
6. Convert the length into its proper scale.
(0,0)
Sample Problem No. 1
Two forces are acting on a particle:
Force A is 5.0 N directed East while Force B
is 3.0 N, 300 North of East. Find the
resultant force using the parallelogram
method.
Extended: If I added Force C which is 2.0 N,
southeast, what will be the resultant?
 Polygon Method
1. Choose an appropriate scale for the graph
(ex. 1 cm = 1 N)
2. Draw the first vector from the origin (as its starting
point/tail) while observing the proper direction.
3. Connect the tail of the second vector to the head of
the first vector.
4. The resultant ՜ will complete the figure. This is done
𝑅
by connecting the tail of the first vector to the head
of the last vector.
5. Measure the length of the resultant and determine
the angle and the using a protractor.
6. Convert the length into its proper scale.
Sample Problem
Two forces are acting on a particle:
Force A is 5.0 N directed East while Force B
is 3.0 N, 300 North of East. Find the
resultant force using the polygon method.
Extended: If I added Force C which is 2.0 N,
southeast, what will be the resultant?
Sample Problem No. 2
Analyze the problem and solve using
polygon method.
You are out for an early morning walk. You
walk 5.0 m, S and 12 m, E. Suppose you decide
to walk farther and go 4.0 m, SW and 6.0 m, W.
a.) How far are you now from the starting point
and in what direction?
b.) Would you arrived at the same spot if you
went from different directions in this order:
12 m E, 4 m SW, 5 m S, 6 m W
 LAW OF SINES AND COSINES
Instead of measuring the resultant, you can
actually use law of sines and cosines. This is
the same as the polygon method.
SAMPLE:
Two forces are acting on a particle: Force A is
3.0 N directed East while Force B is 4.0 N, 300
North of East. Find the Resultant force using
the law of sines and cosines
 Vector x-component y-component

՜ 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦
𝑨
՜ 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦
𝑩
෍𝐱 ෍𝐲

2 2
−1
σ𝑦
|՜| = ෍𝑥 + ෍𝑦 𝜃 = tan
𝑅 σ𝑥
Sample Problem No. 3
Two forces are acting on a particle:
Force A is 5.0 N directed East while Force B
is 3.0 N, 300 North of East. Find the
resultant force using analytical method.
Extended: If I added Force C which is 2.0 N,
southeast, what will be the resultant?
Try this Challenge!
Three vectors are
shown in the figure.
Determine the following:
a. Sum of the vectors
b. Resultant vector R
R = B – 3A
SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
Sample Problem No. 4
Give the negative of the following vectors:
1. A = 2.0 m, E
2. B = 4.0 m, 60 degrees S of W
3. C = 6 units, SE
4. D = 7.5 units, 67 degrees north of west
Sample Problem No. 5
Solve the following vectors graphically:
A. Suppose that A = 5 N, North; B = 6 N, E
1. R = A – B
2. R = - 2 (A – B)
B. Given that A = 6 N, NE; B = 5 N, SW. Find
A - B analytically and graphically.
PRODUCT OF A VECTOR AND A SCALAR

𝑘 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑉
Examples:
1. 𝑝Ԧ = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ
2. 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ
3. 𝐹Ԧ = −𝑘 𝑥Ԧ
 SCALAR/DOT PRODUCT

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃
- Component of A along B
or projection of A on B
- Commutative property
Sample Problem No. 6
How much work was done by a girl if
she exerted a force of 3.0 N, inclined 30
degrees with the horizontal? The luggage
moved by a distance of 2.0 m.
 VECTOR/CROSS PRODUCT

𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴 𝐵 sin 𝜃

- A vector perpendicular
to the plane AB.
RIGHT HAND RULE
Torque is the ability of the
force to produce rotation.
𝝉=𝒓𝑥𝑭
UNIT VECTOR
Vector that has
a magnitude of
1 and has no
units.
Its only purpose
is to indicate
direction in
space.
 ՜
A or 𝐴 = 1 m, East = 𝒊Ƹ

՜
A or 𝐴 = 3 m, West = -3𝒊Ƹ
 ෡
𝒊 ՜𝒙
𝒋෡ ՜ 𝒚
𝒌෡ ՜ 𝒛
Represent the following in terms of
unit vectors:
1.4 m, S
2.7 N, N
3.- (4 m, W)
4.4 m, SW
5.5 N, NE
Unit vectors can also
be used to specify the
direction of a vector
that does not lie in
the xy-plane.
3D Cartesian Coordinate System
3D Cartesian Coordinate System
 ՜
𝑨

|𝐴| = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐴𝑧 2

՜
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘෠
= < 𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 ,𝐴𝑧 >
EXERCISE
Find the magnitude of the following vectors:
1. −5𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑗Ƹ - 3𝑘෠
2. −2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 4𝑘෠
3. 3𝑖Ƹ - 4𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
4. 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠
5. −2𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ - 2𝑘෠
VECTOR ADDITION IN UNIT VECTORS
Sample Problem No. 7
Find the magnitude and the
direction of the resultant vectors
given that A = 4𝑖Ƹ + 7𝑗Ƹ + 7𝑘෠ and B =
5𝑖Ƹ - 2𝑗.Ƹ
1. A + B
2. A - B
Sample Problem No. 8
Find A · B given the following
1. A = 5𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑗Ƹ + 7𝑘෠ and B = −2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ −3𝑘෠
2. A = 8 units, 630 and B = 5 units, 1370
3. A = 4𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠ and B = -2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ - 4𝑘.
෠
Find the angle between the two
vectors.
PROPERTIES OF CROSS PRODUCT
Sample Problem No. 9
1. 𝑖Ƹ × 𝑗 Ƹ
2. −𝑗Ƹ × 𝑘෠
3. 𝑗Ƹ × 𝑘෠
4. 𝑖Ƹ × 𝑘෠
5. 𝑗 Ƹ × 𝑖Ƹ
6. −𝑗Ƹ × 𝑗Ƹ
7. 𝑘෠ × 𝑖Ƹ
8. ෠
𝑖Ƹ × (𝑗Ƹ × 𝑘)
Sample Problem No. 10
Find the vector product of the following
vectors and its magnitude.
1. A = 4𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ and B = 2𝑖Ƹ − 6𝑗
෡ − 3𝑘෠
2. A = 2𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ and B = 3𝑖Ƹ − 6𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠
3. A = 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ − 3𝑘෠ and B = 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠
4. A = 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ and B = 3𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
5. A = 3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ and B = 2𝑖Ƹ + 5𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
Vectors in Game Development
 You have given me
direction. You have given
me a different meaning…

I was a
scalar until
you walked
into my life.
Now I am a
vector.