Three possible “3 port networks”

Circulator
Power Divider
Power combiners
 Law of Three port network..!
It’s impossible to construct a three port network with Matched,
Reciprocal and Lossless.
• To begin:

2
3
 Circulators (cont.)
Clockwise (LH) circulator
1 0 0 1 S 21
 
  
S  1 0 0  2
0 1 0 S32
 
1
Note: We have assumed here that the
phases of all the S parameters are zero.
S13
3

2
0 1 0 S 12
  2
  
S  0 0 1 
1 0 0 S 23
  1

Circulators can be made using

S31 3
biased ferrite materials.
Counter-clockwise (RH) circulator
4
 Power Dividers

 T-Junction Power divider

 Resistive power divider

 Wilkinson Power divider

T- Junction Power Dividers
 Port-1

input
• From the circuit, we can get the “first
constrain”: Input line should be matched
Port-2

• Considering the port-1 as matched: Input power to the splitter

• Here V0 is junction voltage, therefore power at port-1 and port-2

• Divide the output power with Pin:

• To get lossless:

• Which results:

• or

• Matched!
• So the T-Junctions must be designed as:
 Difficulties with T-Junctions

• This can be modeled as capacitor at the junction; this ensures that the
practical T-Junctions are not purely “Lossless”
But:
 Example – T Junction

Including quarterwave transformer into the T junction power divider

and compensation

l/4
P2
Zc = 50 ohm 150 ohm
P1 86.6 50

75 ohm l/4
P2
Recommended 61.24
50
quarter wavelength

11
 Resistive power Divider
• As disadvantage of T-junction is “Not matched at the output ports”,
against that, Resistive power dividers been developed.
• The junction are fabricated by “lumped resistive elements”

Z
Z To be matched
 Z  Z0 
Z Z in  Z     Z0
 2 
Z
Z 0
3

Poor Isolation

Matched, but
 Resistive Power Divider
Z0
Z in1 Z0
Z0 4Z0 4Z0 Z0 3 V
Zin1   3
2
3 3 3
 Port2
Z0 2Z0 Z0 V1
   Z0 
Z0
3 3 3 
V3
(The same for Zin1 and Zin2.) Port1
Port3
Z0

 All ports are matched.

S11  S22  S33  0

13
 The Resistive Divider

The voltage at the center of the junction is:

2Z o
3 2
V  V1  V1
Zo 2Z o 3

3 3
The output voltages V2 and V3 are equal to:
Zo 3 1
V2  V3  V  V  V1
Z 4 2
Z0  0
3 14
Scattering Matrix of the Resistive Divider

Since the network is symmetric and reciprocal, S21=S31=S23=1/2.

0 1 1
S   1 1 0 1
2
1 1 0
Thus, the output power is –6 dB below the input power level (lossy).
The power delivered to the input and outputs of the divider are:
1 V12
Pin 
2 Zo

P2  P3 
1
1 2 V1 
2


1 V12 1
 Pin
2 Zo 8 Zo 4
Half of the supplied power is dissipated in the resistors.
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 Resistive Power Divider (cont.)
V2
Z0
Z
S21  0 Z in1 Z0
V1 Z0 3 V
Z0 2
a2  a3 0 3
 Port2
Z0 V1
V1  V1 1  S11   V1 
Z0
 2   3 
Z
 3 0   Z0  V3
 Port1
V2  V2  V1 
Z0 2   Z0 
Port3
  Z0    Z0  Z0
 3 3  3 
  2  3  1 
 V1      V1
 3  4  2 By reciprocity and symmetry

1
 S21   S12  S31  S13  S32  S23
2
16
 Resistive Power Divider (cont.)
Hence we have Z0
Z in1 Z0
3 V
0 1 1 Z0
2
   1 0 1 
1 3
S   Port2
2  Z0 V1
 1 1 0  
Z0
3 
V3
2
Port1
1 V1 1 2
P1  Pin   a1 Port3
Z0
2 Z0 2
2
1 2 1 1 P
P2  P3  b2  a1S21  P1 S21  P1  in
2 2

2 2 2 4

All ports are matched, but 1/2 Pin is dissipated by resistors, and the
output ports are not isolated.
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Even-Odd Mode Analysis (cont.)

By superposition:

VS
V  V V 
e o
0
3

Hence we have

VS
V
3

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 Problems with the Power dividers
• T-Junction: Due to junction capacitance – Can’t say Lossless
• T-Junction: Due to various impedance line, design is complex

• Resistive: Though matched properly, output ports still exchanging the

powers – so they are not isolated.

• To solve these issues, a new power divider been introduced 1960, called
“Wilkinson Power Divider”. One of the most successful microwave
circuits in the last 5 decades.
 Wilkinson Power Divider
• By introducing a resister in between output port, such that they are
matched, the Wilkinson power divider gives best power spilt after all.

 0 1 1
j 
 S    1 0 0 
2 
 1 0 0 
 Odd and Even mode analysis
• Odd and even mode analysis is a advance network analysis which help to
find the conditions to get a particular performance
• For example: Here in the power divider, we have objectives like - >
Matched, reciprocal and lossless, with respect to this the impedance of the
lines and resistance are formulated.
• Odd and even mode are done by exciting the output ports with symmetry
and anti-symmetry bias. Symmetry means “same voltage or current at
output port”. Anti-symmetry – “opposite polarity voltage or current will
be excited at the alternating output ports”
 Symmetric Excitation (Even Mode)
• Before excitation, normalize all the impedance and resistance by Z0

• With respect to the line of symmetry, we can bisect the circuit and
analysis will become simpler. Since V2=V3
Now, the input impedance at
port 1:

To match,
 Anti-symmetry (Odd mode)
• While bisecting: Since V2=-V3, there
will be a current flow through resistance
R. And grounded at point B. So
impedance at B will be zero and since –
the impedance at port 2 (or 3) looking at
QWT will be infinity. So current will
flow thought R only
• From odd and even mode analysis: the design of wilkinson power divider
will be

• By Denormalizing:
Example
 Figure 7.12 of Pozar
Frequency response of an equal-split Wilkinson power divider. Port 1 is the input
port; ports 2 and 3 are the output ports.
 Un-Equal Wilkinson power Divider
• For the power split ratio K2=P3/P2

Problem:
 N- Way Power divider

Original Circuit of “E. Wilkinson”

 T Junction

Figure 5.4: Various T-junction power dividers. (a) E plane

waveguide T. (b) H plane waveguide T. (c) Microstrip T-junction.
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