5 Additional Applications of

Newton’s Laws
• Friction
• Drag Forces
• Motion Along a Curved Path
• The Center of Mass

• Hk: 31, 43, 53, 57, 67, 81, 91, 101.

 Friction
• Surface Force opposing relative motion
• Component of Contact Force (other
component is the Normal Force)
• Characterized by coefficients (mu)
• Static (varies 0 to max)
• Kinetic (~ constant)
• Rolling (~ one tenth of kinetic)
Surface Dependence of Friction
 Normal Force Dependence of
Friction
• Contact area ~ to Normal Force
• Frictional Force ~ Normal Force
• Summary:
• Two factors affect frictional force;
• Surface composition
• Normal Force
• /
 Equations for Friction

Static Friction f s ,max   s FN

Kinetic Friction f k  k FN

Rolling Friction f r  r FN
5
 Example Friction
• Ex. 10kg block. FN = weight = mg = 98N.
Static coef. = 0.50; Kinetic coef. = 0.30.

f s ,max  (0.50)(98 N )
 49 N

f k  (0.30)(98N )
 29 N
6
Block at rest. Draw a Force Diagram for the block.
Three boxes are pushed by force F with v > 0 along a
horizontal surface with k = 0.291.
FN 5kg
3kg
2kg
F=26N
fk F

 F  F  mg  0 F  mg  98N
y N N

 F  26  (0.291)(98)  (10)a
x x

26  (0.291)(98)
ax   0.25m / s / s
10
 Maximum angle block remains at rest:

Derive the Angle of Repose relation:

 p s  mg sin   0
F   f max
f smax   s FN  mg sin 
FN  mg cos 
F n  FN  mg cos  0

 s mg cos   mg sin 
sin 
s   tan 
cos 
Atwood with
Friction. m1=1kg
m2=2kg. Kinetic
friction = 0.5.

F CW  m2 g  f  (m1  m2 )aCW

m2 g  f 19.6  (0.5)9.8
aCW    4.9m / s / s
m1  m2 1 2
 Drag Forces
Vary with speed : Fd  bv n

n  1 at low speed and n  2 at high speed

Ex. Terminal Speed : A falling object
is at termina l speed when bv n  mg
1/ n
 mg 
vT   
 b 
b depends on the shape of the object
and the type of fluid it moves through
 Motion Along a Curved Path
• Force required turn and to change speed
• Coordinates usually used are F/B
(tangential) and L/R (radial)
• Sum forces tangential = mass x tangential
acceleration
• Sum forces L/R (radial centripetal) = mass
x centripetal acceleration
• /
What is the fastest speed the car can go without
sliding? Assume the car has m = 1200kg and s = 0.92.
2
v
F c  f s
max
  s mg  m
r
2
v
s g 
r

v   s gr  (0.92)(9.8)( 45.7)  20.3m / s

A block loops the loop. Which force
diagram is correct for when it
passed point D?
Center of Mass Definition
m1 x1  m2 x2
xcm 
m1  m2

m1v1  m2 v2
vcm 
m1  m2

m1a1  m2 a2
acm 
m1  m2
Center of Mass Acceleration
F1  F2  m1a1  m2a2
m1a1  m2 a2
Fnet ,ext  (m1  m2 )
m1  m2

Fnet ,ext  Macm

Center of Mass when Net External
Force is Zero
• Zero Net Force implies center of mass
acceleration is also zero. So if CM
originally at rest, it remains at rest. If CM
moving, its velocity remains same.
• Example: two people standing on ice push
off one another
• /
Ex. Center of Mass. A 100kg person walks 6
feet forward in a 50kg canoe. How far did he
move relative to the shore?
m1 x1  m2 x2 m1 x1  m2 x2
m1  m2

m1  m2 m1x1  m2 x2  m1 x1  m2 x2
Let x1 and x2 both be zero
m1 x1  m2 x2  0
x1  x2  6 ft
m1 ( x2  6)  m2 x2  0
x1  x2  6 ft
(m1  m2 ) x2  6m1  0 x  4 ft  6 ft  2 ft
1

 6m1  6(100)
x2    4 ft
m1  m2 100  50
Compare to Ch05ISM#13 8
 Summary
• Friction depends on Surface Composition
and Normal Force
• Drag Force vary with speed
• Force required to move along curved path
even at constant speed
• Center of Mass stays same when only
internal forces operate
Can you stop in time?
Buggy rolls.
You slide.

 x 
F m M

 k Fn1  (m  M )ax
Given m = 75kg, M = 20kg, D = 3.5m, vo =1.1m/s.
What frictional coefficient is needed?

Insert values, determine ax.  k Fn1  (m  M )ax

v 2  vo2  2a x x
 k mg  (m  M )ax
0 2  (1.1) 2  2a x (3.5)
(m  M )( ax )
a x  0.1728m / s 2 k 
mg

(75  20)(0.1728)
k 
(75) g
 k  0.02233
Diagramming Refresher:
Accelerating with F2WD.

Stopping with 4W Disc-Brakes

A 3kg box at rest on level surface with s = 0.55. What is the
largest F acting 60° below horizontal for which the box
remains at rest?
y
F x  F cos 60  f s
max
0 FN x
F y  FN  F sin 60  29.4  0
fs
60
F cos 60   s FN
w F
FN  F sin 60  29.4

F cos 60  s ( F sin 60  29.4)

F (0.5  0.4763)  16.17

F  683N (60° is close to maximum angle)

vpc Relative vs. Absolute Velocity
vpg
Which force diagram applies to the object at Point B?
Which force diagram applies to the object at Point C?
Assume mass = 1.2kg and radius = 45cm.
If speed at Point D is 3.6m/s, what is the size of the
-cen
normal force acting at Point D?

2
+cen
v
 Fc  FN  mg  m r
3.6 2
FN  (1.2)(9.8)  1.2
0.45
FN  22.8N
Q. Assume mass = 1.2kg and radius = 45cm.
If speed at Point B is 5.1m/s, what is the size of the
normal force acting at Point B?

v2
 Fc  FN  mg  m r +cen

5.12 -cen
FN  (1.2)(9.8)  1.2
0.45

FN  81N
Given: T = 50N,  = 30°, r = 1m
Find: mg and v.

F c  T sin 30  0.5T  25N

F y  T cos 30  mg  0
mg  T cos 30  50 cos 30  43.3N

v 2  43.3  v 2
25 N  m   
r  9.8  1 Net

(25)(9.8)
v  2.378m / s
43.3
 The speed is now 6.5m/s and r = 1.0m. Angle, tension, mass?
F y  T cos  mg  0
v2 r  L sin 
F c  T sin  m
r L  r / sin   1.03m
v2 v 2
( 6.5) 2
T sin   m tan   
r gr 9.8
T cos   mg
  76.9
T / m  g / cos   42.3
For example, if m = 1.0kg,
then T = 42.3N. Net
Q. The speed of a mass on a string of length L is 6.5m/s.
The radius r = 2.0m. Find angle, tension, mass, and L.

v 2 (6.5) 2
tan   
gr 19.6
  65.1
T / m  g / cos   23.9

For example, if m = 1.0kg,

then T = 23.9N. Net

r  L sin 
L  r / sin   2.20m
Practice Q: What is F such that 0.5kg block stays at
rest if all surfaces are frictionless?
Banked Turn:
Banked Turn:
 Modified Atwood Machine with friction.
Objects are in CW motion.
 CW   f k  m1 g sin   m2 g
F 1 2

f k  k FN  k mg cos 

aCW 
 F

CW   k m1 g cos   m1 g sin   m2 g
mass m1  m2

Let m1 = 2kg, m2 = 3kg,  = 30°, sliding friction coeff. 0.44

 (0.44)( 2) g cos 30  (2) g sin 30  3g
aCW   2.43m / s / s
23

 CW m2 g  T  (3) g  T  3(2.43)

F 2

T  29.4  7.3  22.1N

Q. Recalculate last problem with m1 = 6kg m2 = 1kg. (All
else remaining the same)

 (0.44)(6) g cos 30  (6) g sin 30  1g

aCW   6.0m / s / s
6 1

 CW m2 g  T  (1) g  T  1(6.0)

F 2

T  (1) g  (6.0)  15.8 N

Practice Q: Find the variable relationships.
Figures
Q. Assume the car has m = 1200kg and s = 0.92.
How large is the frictional force if v = 15m/s?
v2
 Fc  f s m r
v2
fs  m
r

152
f s  1200  5908N
45.7
 5-3
Drag Forces
 Drag Forces
• Can be approximated as,
• Fdrag = bvn
• where b and n are constants
Example: Air drag, n = 2.

If b = 25N/(m/s)2, at what speed would

the object be resisted by 10N?

Fd  bv 2 10  25v 2 v  10 / 25  0.632m / s

At what speed would the same object

be resisted by 30N?
30  25v 2 v  30 / 25  1.095m / s
Drag force grows quickly with v:

Terminal Velocity:
Reached when drag
force equals weight force