A Discussion about ventilators

• A SMALL INTRODUCTION ABOUT

DEFIBRILLATOR
Department – Bio Medical Engineering
 WHAT IS A VENTILATOR?
• A ventilator is a machine which is designed to
mechanically move breathable air into and out
of the lungs, to provide the mechanism of
breathing for a patient who is physically not
able to breathe sufficiently.
 HISTORY OF VENTILATORS
• The early history of mechanical ventilation begins
with various versions of what was eventually called
the ‘iron lung’, a form of non-invasive negative
pressure ventilator which was widely used in the
Polio epidemics in the 20th century after the
introduction of ‘Drinker respirator’, in 1928, and the
subsequent improvements introduced by John Haven
Emerson in 1931.
 WHERE THE VENTILATORS ARE
NEEDED
• In anaesthesia(as a component of an
anaesthesia machine).
• Home care in hypoventilated
(RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION)
patients.
• Emergency medicine.
• Intensive care medicine.
 INDICATIONS OF RESPIRATORY
DISTRESS
• 1. Acute lung injury.
• 2. Acute severe asthma, requiring intubation.
• 3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.(SOB, COUGH)
• 4. Apnea with respiratory arrest. (NO MOVEMENT OF MUSCLES
DURING INHALATION)
• 5. Hypoxemia. (LOW LEVEL OF OXYGEN IN BLOOD)
• 6. Acute respiratory acidosis.
• 7. Respiratory distress addressing increased work of breathing.
• 8. Hypotension including sepsis, shock, CHF.
• 9. Neurological conditions such as Muscular Dystrophy, (MUSCLE
DISEASE),Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis, etc.(MOTOR NEURON
DISEASE) DEATH OF NEURONS IN VOLUNTARY MUSCLES.
 TYPES OF VENTILATORS

• TRANSPORT VENTILATOR
• INTENSIVE CARE VENTILATOR
• NEONATAL VENTILATOR
• POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
VENTILATOR.
• NEGATIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
VENTILATOR
TRANSPORT VENTILATOR
 TRANSPORT VENTILATOR

• Transport ventilators are designed to take the

place of manual ventilation or “bagging”
during emergency or transport situations. ...
Some may have additional operating modes
such as CPAP and pressure support to facilitate
patients with more complex oxygenation
and ventilation requirements.
INTENSIVE CARE VENTILATOR
 INTENSIVE CARE
VENTILATOR(ICU)
• From the topic itself we can identify that
where these ventilators are used ?
• These ventilators are mainly used in ICU .
• It provides greater control of a wide variety of
parameters.
• Many ICU ventilators also provide visual
feedback of each breathe through graphics.
NEONATAL VENTILATOR
 NEONATAL VENTILATOR
• Neonatal ventilators can be classified as either
devices that deliver tidal ventilation, usually
referred to as conventional
mechanical ventilators, or devices that deliver
smaller gas volumes at rapid rates, referred to
as high-frequency ventilators
 INDICATIONS FOR NEONATAL
VENTILATOR
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
• Sepsis.
• Birth asphyxia.(lack of oxygen and blood flow
to the brain).
• Meningitis.meninges (brain and spinal cord)
• Pneumonia.(infection in airsac of both lung)
• Meconium Aspiration Syndrome.
 MECONIUM
• he word meconium is derived from the Greek word mēkōnionmeaning juice
from the opium poppy as the sedative effects it had on the foetus were
observed by Aristotle.[3]
• Meconium is a sticky dark-green substance which contains gastrointestinal
secretions, amniotic fluid, bile acids, bile, blood, mucus, cholesterol,
pancreatic secretions, lanugo, vernix caseosaand cellular
debris.[1] Meconium accumulates in the foetal gastrointestinal
tract throughout the third trimester of pregnancy and it is the first intestinal
discharge released within the first 48 hours after birth.[4] Notably, since
meconium and the whole content of the gastrointestinal tract is located
‘extracorporeally,’ its constituents are hidden and normally not recognised
by the foetal immune system.[5]
• For the meconium within the amniotic fluid to successfully cause MAS, it
has to enter the respiratory system during the period when the fluid-filled
lungs transition into an air-filled organ capable of gas exchange.[1]
POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESURE
VENTILATOR
 POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESURE
VENTILATOR (CPAP)
• These are specifically designed for non-invasive
ventilator, and can also be used at home, e.g, for
treating sleep apnea or COPD.
• It works by increasing the patient’s airway pressure
through an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube.
• The positive pressure allows the air to flow into the
airway until the ventilator breathe is terminated.
NEGATIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
VENTILATOR
 NEGATIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
VENTILATOR
• The iron lung or tank ventilator is the most common
type of negative-pressure ventilator used in the past.
These ventilators work by creating subatmospheric
pressure around the chest, thereby lowering pleural
and alveolar pressure and facilitating flow of air into
the patient’s lungs. These ventilators are bulky and
poorly tolerated and are not suitable for use in
modern critical care units.
NEGATIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
VENTILATOR
NEGATIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE
VENTILATOR
 NEGATIVE VS POSITIVE
PRESSURE VENTILATION
NEGATIVE VS POSITIVE PRESSURE
VENTILATION
POSITIVE PRESSURE NEGATIVE PRESSURE
VENTILATORS VENTILATORS
• In positive pressure • In negative pressure or
ventilator, additional non-invasive ventilator,
measures can be there is no need to use
required to secure any adjunct.
airway.
• The common employed
method is intubation
which provides clear
route for the air.
 FACTORS TO BE OBSERVED IN
CASE OF VENTILATION
• Vital Signs.
• Oxygen Saturation in the blood.
• Consciousness of the Patient.
• Checks alarm function of the ventilator.
• Secretions should be removed periodically.
 THE MODES OF A
VENTILATOR
• I. Control.
• II. Assist/Trigger.
• III. Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation.
• IV. Mandatory Minute Volume.
• V. Continuous Positive Airways Pressure.