Human Anatomy

and
Physiology
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation

Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
• Studies the structure of body parts and their
relationships.

Physiology
• Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
Pathophysiology
• Study of functional changes associated
with disease and aging.
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 Anatomy—Levels of Study

Gross or Macroscopic anatomy

• Larger structures
• Can be seen with the naked eye
• Approached of study: Regional and
Systemic Anatomy

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 Anatomy—Levels of Study

Surface anatomy
• Study of internal structures as they relate to
the overlying skin surface.

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 Anatomy—Levels of Study

Microscopic anatomy
• Structures cannot be seen with the
naked eye
• Structures can only be viewed with a
microscope
• Subdivisions include cytology and
histology

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 Anatomy—Levels of Study

Developmental anatomy
• Traces structural changes that occur in
the body throughout the life span.
• Embryology – concerns developmental
changes that occur before birth.

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 The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures

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 Anatomical Position

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 • prone position - anatomical position is
placed face-down

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 • supine position- anatomical position is
placed face-up

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 • posterosuperior view combines the posterior
and superior

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 • B) anterosuperior
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Regional Terms Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital Upper limb
Nasal Acromial
Buccal Deltoid
• Anterior body Oral Brachial (arm)
landmarks Mental
Antecubital
Cervical
Thoracic
Sternal Antebrachial
Axillary (forearm)
Abdominal Carpal (wrist)
Umbilical
Pelvic Manus (hand)
Inguinal Digital
(groin)

Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh)
Patellar

Crural (leg)

KEY: Fibular
Thorax Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Digital

(a) Anterior/Ventral Figure 1.5a

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Regional Terms Cephalic
Occipital (back
Upper limb
of head)
Acromial
Cervical
• Posterior body Brachial (arm)

Olecranal Back (dorsal)

landmarks Antebrachial Scapular
(forearm)
Vertebral

Lumbar

Manus (hand) Sacral

Digital
Gluteal

Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal

Sural (calf)
Fibular KEY:
Thorax
Pedal (foot) Abdomen
Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)

Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b
 Directional Terms
• Superior (cranial or cephalad)
toward the head end or upper part of a
structure or the body; above
• Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the
lower part of a structure
the body; below

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 Directional Terms

• Ventral (anterior)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of

• Dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the backside of the
body; behind

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 Directional Terms
• Medial:
toward or at the midline of the
body; on the inner side of
• Lateral:
away from the midline of the
body; on the outer side of the
body
• Intermediate:
between a more medial and a
more lateral structure

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 Directional Terms
• Proximal:
close to the origin of the body
part or point of attachment to a
limb to the body trunk

• Distal:
farther from the origin of a body
part or the point of attachment of
a limb to the body trunk

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 Directional Terms

• Superficial:
toward or at the body surface
• Deep:
away from the body surface;
more internal

• Ipsilateral: on the same side

• Contralateral: opposite side

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 (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane (c) Transverse plane

Vertebral Right Left Spinal

column lung Heart lung Liver Aorta cord Spleen

Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous Stomach

fat layer
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6
 Naming Structures of the Body
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
abdomin/o abdomen Peritoneal
acr/o extremity Acromegaly
aden/o gland Adenoma
angi/o vessel Angiogram
arthr/o joint Arthritis
cardi/o heart
chondr/o cartilage
cyst/o bladder Cystitis
cyt/o cell cytology
den/o tooth
dermat/o skin
derm/o skin
duoden/o duodenum
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 Naming Structures of the Body
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
gastro stomach Gastritis
hepat/o liver Hepatitis / Hepatoma
laryng/o larynx Laryngitis
my/o muscle Myology/Myositis
nephr/o kidney Nephritis
neur/o nerve Neurology
oste/o bone Osteoporosis
ot/o ear Otitis
path/o disease Pathologic Anatomy
rhin/o nose Rhinitis / Rhinoplasty
stomat/o mouth Stomatitis
thorac/o Thorax (chest) Pleural

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 Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavity

• Cranial cavity houses the brain
• Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
• Ventral body cavity
• Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and
others
• Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs

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 Body cavities (and organs found within
them):
• Dorsal
Cranial cavity
- within the rigid
skull, contains the
brain.
Spinal cavity
- which runs within
the bony vertebral
column, protects the
spinal cord.
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Body cavities (and organs found within
them):
• Ventral
• Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavity
• Mediastinum
• Pericardial cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
- stomach
- intestines
- liver, etc.
• Pelvic cavity
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 Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

• Called serous membranes or serosa

• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
• Serous fluid separates the serosae

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 Heart Serosae

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10b

 Serous Membrane Relationship

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a

Abdominopelvic quadrants (and organs found in each
region):

• Right upper
• Right lower
• Left upper
• Left lower

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Nine abdominopelvic regions (and organs in
each regions):

• Right hypochondriac
• Epigastric
• Left hypochondriac
• Right lumbar
• Umbilical
• Left lumbar
• Right iliac (inguinal)
• Hypogastric
• Left iliac (inguinal)

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Other Body Cavities

• Oral and digestive cavities

• Nasal Cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities

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 Molecules
Smooth muscle cell

2 Cellular level
Cells are made Atoms
up of molecules.

1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.

Smooth
muscle
tissue Blood
3 Tissue level
vessels
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Heart

Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective Cardio– Human organisms are
tissue vascular made up of many organ
system systems.
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work

Levels of Structural Organization

together closely.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6
 Organ System Overview

• Integumentary
• Forms the external body
covering
• Protects deeper tissue from
injury
• Helps regulate body
temperature
• Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors

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 Organ System Overview

• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body
organs
• Provides muscle attachment
for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores minerals

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 Organ System Overview

• Muscular
• Produces movement
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

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 Organ System Overview

• Nervous
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and
external change
• Activates muscles and
glands

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 Organ System Overview

• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in
body via blood pumped
by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes

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 Organ System Overview

• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Cleanses the blood
• Involved in immunity

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 Organ System Overview

• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide

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 Organ System Overview

• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material as feces

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 Organ System Overview

• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid-base
balance
• Regulates water and
electrolytes

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 Organ System Overview

• Reproductive
• Produces offspring
• Testes produce
sperm and male
hormone
• Ovaries produce
eggs and female
hormones

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain boundaries
• Internal environment remains distinct from the
external environment
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness or excitability
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

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 Necessary Life Functions
• Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
• Break down complex molecules into smaller
ones
• Build larger molecules from smaller ones
• Produces energy
• Regulated by hormones
• Excretion
• Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
• Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

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 Necessary Life Functions

• Reproduction
• Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
• Produces future generation
• Growth
• Increases cell size and number of cells

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 Survival Needs

• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions

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 Survival Needs

• Water
• 60 to 80 percent of body weight
• Most abundant chemical in the human body
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• 37°C (98°F)
• Atmospheric pressure
• Must be appropriate for gas exchange

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 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis
- ability to maintain relatively stable internal
condition even though the outside world changes
continuously (Walter Canon)
• A dynamic state of equilibrium
• Necessary for normal body functioning and to
sustain life
• Homeostatic imbalance
• A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

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 Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through neural and

hormonal control systems

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 3 Input: Information 4 Output: Information
sent along afferent Control sent along efferent
pathway to control Center pathway to effector.
center.
Afferent Efferent
pathway pathway
Receptor Effector
2 Receptor
5 Response
detects change.
of effector feeds
IMB back to reduce
ALA the effect of
1 Stimulus NC
produces E stimulus and
change in returns variable
variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) to homeostatic
level.

IMB
ALA
NC
E

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4

 IMB
A LA
1 Stimulus NC
produces E
change in
variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

IMB
ALA
NC
E

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 1

 • Receptor
• Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli)
• Sends information to control
Receptor
2 Receptor
detects change.
center
IMB
A LA
1 Stimulus NC
produces E
change in
variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

IMB
ALA
NC
E

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 2

 • Control center
3 Input: Information
sent along afferent Control • Determines set po
pathway to control Center
center.
Afferent
• Analyzes informat
pathway
2 Receptor
Receptor • Determines
detects change. appropriate respon
IMB
A LA
1 Stimulus NC
produces E
change in
variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

IMB
ALA
NC
E

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 3

 3 Input: Information 4 Output: Information
sent along afferent Control sent along efferent
pathway to control Center pathway to effector.
center.
Afferent Efferent
pathway pathway
Receptor Effector
2 Receptor
detects change.
IMB
1 Stimulus
A LA
NC
E
• Effector
produces
change in
variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) • Provides a means
for response to
IMB
the stimulus
ALA
NC
E

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 4

 3 Input: Information 4 Output: Information
sent along afferent Control sent along efferent
pathway to control Center pathway to effector.
center.
Afferent Efferent
pathway pathway
Receptor Effector
2 Receptor
5 Response
detects change.
of effector feeds
IMB back to reduce
ALA the effect of
1 Stimulus NC
produces E stimulus and
change in returns variable
variable. VARIABLE (in homeostasis) to homeostatic
level.

IMB
ALA
NC
E

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 5

 Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
• Works like a household thermostat

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 Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby

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Homeostatic imbalance +

• SEROSITIS – inflammation of the serous

membrane
3 TYPES:
• Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardium
(heart)
• Pleuritis – also pleurisy
- inflammation of pleura (lungs)
• Peritonitis – peritoneum

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