Diesel Propulsion

Introduction

• The diesel engine is widely used, in marine

applications almost in all propulsion plants of
merchant ships.
• In naval applications, diesels are used
– (a) To power electrical generators
– (b) In general smaller warships as propulsion
plant.
Lines of development of IC engines
TWO STROKE ENGINE
FOUR STROKE ENGINE
 Diesel Cycle
The theoretical cycle on which the modern diesel engine works is better represented
by the dual cycle.

Starting from point C, the air is

compressed adiabatically to a point D.
Fuel injection begins at D, and heat is
added to the cycle partly at constant
volume as shown by vertical line DP, and
partly at constant pressure, as shown by
horizontal line PE. At the point E
expansion begins. This proceeds
adiabatically to point F when the heat is
rejected to exhaust at constant volume
as shown by vertical line FC.
 Practical cycle
Theoretical cycle does not exactly represent the true state

1. The rate at which, heat is added to the compressed

air is a function of the hydraulics of the fuel injection
equipment and the characteristic of its operating
mechanism;of the way the spray is atomized and
Distributed in the combustion space; of the air
movement at and after top Dead centre (TDC); and to a
degree also of the qualities of the fuel.
2. The compression and expansion strokes are not truly
Adiabatic
3. The exhaust and suction strokes on a four-stroke
engine (and the appropriate phases of a two-stroke cycle)
do create pressure differences which the crankshaft feels
‘pumping work’.
 Physical Aspects
• Categorised into low speed(few hundred
rpm), medium(> 600 rpm) and high
speed(more than 1000 rpm)
• Low speed- worst P/W and P/size ratio, have
greatest power output, highest efficiency and
can burn range of fuel grades.
• Highest output power of medium speed
engine is half of a low speed.
• High speed engines has less than half of
medium speed engine’s max power
Typical design and performance data for modern IC engines

Stroke Compressio Bore(m) Speed Bmep(at Wt/Pow Sfc

n ratio (rpm) m) er ratio (g/Kwh)
(Kg/Kw)
Spark Ignition Engines

Motor 2/4 6-10 0.05- 4500- 4-10 5.5-2.5 350

cycles
0.085 7500
Trucks 4 7-9 0.09- 3600- 6.5-7 6.5-2.5 300
0.13 5000
Large 2/4 8-12 0.22- 300-900 6.8-12 23-35 200
engines
0.45
Compression Ignition engines

Passenger 4 16-20 0.075- 4000- 5-7.5 5-2.5 250

Cars
0.1 5000
Trucks 4 16-20 0.1-0.15 2100- 6-9 7-4 210
4000
Large 2 10-12 0.4-1 110-400 9-17 12-50 180
engines
 Supercharging
• It is the principle aim of the designer, to achieve the
twin goals of improved power output and minimum
exhaust emmissions.
• The power output greatly depends on: amount of air
inducted, extent of utilisation of induced air.
• The break power of the engine is given by

PbmVs nK
bp 
60000
 Supercharging
• For a given cubic capacity (VsxK) by increasing speed , power
output can be increased, but will lead to friction increase and
hence a limit to speed.
• Thus the most preferred method of increasing the power
output is by means of increasing the mep. This is achieved by
supplying air or air-fuel mixture at a pressure higher than
atmospheric pressure.This will increase the density, thereby
mass of air or air-fuel mixture and in turn increase the power
output.
• The device that boosts the pressure is called supercharging.
• If supercharger is driven by engine crankshaft it is called
mechanically driven s/c. If driven by the exhaust gases it is
called turbocharger.
 Supercharging

• Supercharging increases the power output,

and not the fuel consumption per Brake KW
hour.
The most important areas where it is used
are:
• Marine engines weight and space are
important.
• Engines working at high altitude.
 Supercharging

• There is an
appreciable
reduction is smoke in
the case of
turbocharged engine
in the overlaod
operation.
 Modern Trends in Marine Diesels
• Sequential Turbocharging
• CRDI
• Electronic Governors
• Multiple Turbochargers
• Fuel Injection valves in place of fuek injectors
• Diesels running on alternate fuels
• STC of fuel injection
 Sequential Turbocharging (STC)
• 2-4 TCs in series
• MTU 16V4000M90 (FACs, WJFACs)
• SEMT Pielstick 12/16/20 V280 STC (Shardul,
Shivalik, NOPVs)
• MTU 16V1163TB93 (Abhay)
 Sequential Turbo Charging

CLOSED POSITION OF P2/P4 V/V WHEN TC 1 IS IN

OPERATION
 STC-Operation
• A gas turbine, also called a
combustion turbine, is a type
of internal A
combustion engine.
It has an upstream rotating
compressorbankcoupled to a
downstream turbine, and a
combustion chamber in-
between.

• Energy can be
B extracted in the
form of shaft power,
compressedbank
air or thrust or any
combination of these and used
T/C “B” BECOMES OPERATIONAL AS:-
to power aircraft, trains, ships,
generators,
–N T/C “A”>25500 RPM AND N ENGINEor>730
even tanks.
RPM
 Common Rail Diesel Injection

• Diesel fuel has to be injected at very high pressures in

order to counter the huge compression pressure of the
diesel engine, and also in order to burn efficiently.
• The higher the pressure, the more power is produced,
and the cleaner are the exhaust emissions.
• Common Rail can double the injection pressure of the
old ‘distributor pump’ type of injection systems, so
injecting a far finer mist of diesel fuel than was previously
possible, further enhancing DI engine efficiency.
• When the engine is running, the system's pump
continuously pressurises the common rail, so making it a
permanent reserve of high-pressure fuel.
Common Rail Diesel Injection
 Alternate Fuels for IC Engines

• With the rapid changing world scenario of

the energy sources for IC engines, has
reasoned the development of the
alternative fuel sources. They can be of
following type :-
• (a) Synthetic diesel
• (b) Biodiesel
• (c) Hydrogen Fuel cells
• (d) Ethanol
 Synthetic diesel

Some natural gases can be economically

converted through a Gas to liquid process into
an ultra-clean fuel. This fuel can be
economically blended with conventional
petroleum diesel fuels called Synthetic diesel
-synthesizing diesel fuel from natural
gas is possible through gas-to-liquid
(GTL) technology.
 Biodiesel

• Biodiesel, is chemically produced from any fat,

such as vegetable oil, soybean oil, or even
recycled restaurant greases.
• Biodiesel fuels are methyl or ethyl esters derived
from a broad variety of renewable sources such
as vegetable oil, animal fat and cooking oil.
• Esters are oxygenated organic compounds that
can be used in compression ignition engines
because some of their key properties are
comparable to those of diesel fuel.
 Intelligent Engines
Engines with electronically
controlled fuel injection and
exhaust valve actuating systems
have entered service in increasing
numbers, paving the way for future
‘Intelligent Engines’: those which
can monitor their own condition
and adjust key parameters for
optimum performance in a selected
running mode.
 Intelligent Engines

• The most significant advance in modern diesel

engine development is in fuel injection
equipment (FIE).
• Microprocessor control has enabled precisely
measured amounts of fuel introduced at
predetermined crank angle.The microprocessor
allows fuel to be introduced by pilot injection,
minimizes the high thermal spikes characteristic
of combustion, thereby contributing to lower
levels of NOx formation.
 Advantages of IC Engines
• Better part load efficiency , and hence good performance
where ships operate at variable speeds. Therefore Good for
Patrol vessel and Fast Attack crafts.
• Cheaper for same power output wrt GT
• 1st and to some extent 2nd line of Maintenance can be done by
SS
• Better Specific fuel consumption, hence also mostly used for
Power generation.
• Low speed engines can use low grade fuel for running
• Compared to GT the diesel consumes less air and exhaust
temperatures are low. Hence IR signature is less
Diesel Propulsion In
Indian Navy
Fleet Tankers- Aditya

• 02 MAN B&W 16V

40/45 diesel engines
• Combined 23,972 hp
• 1 shaft with CPP
• 24,612 tons full load
Fleet Tanker Jyoti

• 01 Burmeister & Wain

6DKRN 60/195 two stroke
low speed engine
• 10948 hp
• No gear box
• 35900 tons full load
Fleet Tanker- Deepak Class
02 MAN 8L48/60B 4-stroke
engines
9600 kw
P-25/25A Corvettes
• 02 SEMT Pielstick
18PAV280 diesels
• Each 3994 Kw
• CPP
• 1350 tons full load
LST(L)- Shardul Class
• 02 KOEL Pielstick
12PA6V280 STC diesels
• 3888 Kw
• CPP
• 5600 tons full load
OPV Class
• 02 KOEL Pielstick
16PA6V280 diesels with
CPP
• Each 4707 kW
• 1890 tons full load
Investigator class
• 02 MAN G8V30/45
diesels
• Each 1960 hp
Abhay Class
• 02 MTU 16V1163 TB93
multi turbo charged
engines
• Each 5920 kW
• Only one of its class
post re-engining
• 485 tons full load
Bangaram Class
• 02 MTU 16V4000 M90
CRDI diesels
• Each 2720 kW
• 220 tons full load
COMBINATION OF PROPULSION
PLANTS
Combination of Propulsion Plants

CODOG
• For Ships which require
max speed >>>> cruise
speed
• Clutch & gear
arrangement simpler
than GODAG
Shivalik Class Frigates
• P17 & P17A ASh & ASW
Frigate
• 02 Pielstick 16 PA6 STC
Diesel engines
• Each 2287 kW.
• 22 knots with Diesels
ANZAC Class Frigates
• Royal Australian Navy &
Royal New Zealand
Navy
• Design of MEKO Class
by Blohm+Voss
• 02 MTU 12V1163 TB83
diesel engines
• Each 8,840 hp
• 27 knots
Brandenberg Class
• German Navy
• AA & ASW Frigates
• 02 MTU 20V 956 TB92
diesel-engines
• Each 8.14 MW
• 29 knots
Roussen Class FAC
• Greek , Oman & Qatar
Navy
• FAC(M)
• 04 MTU 16V595 TE90
• 23500 hp
• 35+ knots
Visby Class Corvettes
• Royal Swedish Navy
• 02 MTU 16V2000N90
Engines with Kamewa
Waterjets
• Combined 2.6 MW
• 35+ Knots
Houbei Class (Type 022)
• PLA(N)
• FAC( M)
• 02 MTU 1163TB93
Engines with MARI
Waterjets
• Combined 6,865 hp
• 36 knots
Hamina Class Missile Boats
• Finnish Navy
• FAC(M)
• 02 MTU 16V 538 TB93
diesels with Kamewa
Waterjets
• Combined 5520 kW
• 30+ knots
Combination of Propulsion Plants

CODAG • Turbines & Diesels on

Separate Shafts
• CODAG WRAP
• CODAG Electric
• CODAS
Fridtjof Nansen class frigate

• Royal Norweigian Navy

• ASW & AA Platforms
• 02 BAZAN BRAVO 12V
4.5 MW diesel engines
• 26+ knots
Köln class frigate
• German Navy
• World’s first CODAG
ships
• 04 MAN 16-cylinder
diesel engines
• 2208 kilowatts each
(12,000hp total)
• 32 knots
Combination of Propulsion Plants

CODAD • Russian Navy's Slava

class cruisers,
• Royal Navy Type 42
destroyers.
La Fayette class frigate

• French, Saudi, Singapore

and Taiwanese Navies
• 04 diesel SEMT Pielstick
12PA6V280 STC2
• 21000 hp (15 400 kW)
• Elastic support for
engines, rubber coated
propellers and active
noise camo s/m for
confusing sonar
P28 ASW Corvettes
• Kamorta Class
• 04 Pielstick 12 PA6 STC
Diesel engines on Raft
mounted PPTS (DCNS
supply through
Walchandnagar)
• Each 4270kW
 Reference
• Warship Propulsion System Selection- CM Plumb
• Marine Engineering- Roy L Harrington
• Diesel Engine Reference Book- Bernard Challen
• Introduction to ICE- Richard Stone
• Internal Combustion Engines- V Ganeshan
• Principles and Performance in Diesel Engineering- SD Haddad
• Thermodynamics, Combustion and Engines- Brian E Milton
• Marine ICE- AB Kane
• Pounders Marine Diesel Engines and Gas turbines