21 st

Century
Literature

Prepared by:

Joanna Rose L. Lustica,

Pre-Colonial Period
(1564)

Spanish Period
(1565 – 1863)

American Period
(1901 – 1946)

Japanese Period
(1946 – 1960)

Contemporary Period
(1986 – Present)
INFLUENCES OF THE AMERICAN

•Schools
•English Language
•Politics
•Freedom of Speech
NEWSPAPERS

El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation)

- a pro-labor and radical nationalist newspaper advocates

independence under the protection of the United States.

- Founded by Pascual Poblete in 1899 with a Tagalog version called

“AngTinig ng Bayan.”
El Nuevo Dia (The New Day)
- Founded by Sergio Osmena in 1900

- A Cebuano newspaper

- Lasted for 3 years

El Renacimiento (The Rebirth)

- Rafael Palma is the editor

- The most influential newspaper in Manila during the

Spanish colonial period
The Plays written during American Period

• KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and

Tomorrow)
- Written by Aurelio Tolentino

• TANIKALANG GINTO
- By Juan Abad

• MALAYA
- by Thomas Remigio

• WALANG SUGAT
- by Severino Reyes
Manila Daily Bulletin

- The Philippines’ largest broadsheet newspaper by

circulation
- Now currently known as “The Manila Bulletin”
- - The second-oldest Philippine newspaper, second
only to the Manila Times
A. Literature in Spanish
 Cecilio Apostol
- wrote "A RIZAL" (To Rizal) and is considered the best poem in praise
of the hero of Bagumbayan.

 Fernando Ma. Guerero

- he collected the best of his poem in a book called Crisalidas (A
Kind of Black Caterpillar), and one of the poems written in this book
was "INVOCACION A RIZAL (A Call to Rizal)"

 Jesus Balmori
-well-known for his pen name of Batikuling.

-He and Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate on the topic -

"REMEMBRANCE and FORGETFULNESS".
 Manuel Bernabe

-is a lyric poet

- He was more attractive to the public in a debate with Balmori

because of the melodious words he used.

- He defended OLVIDO (Forgetfulness)

 Claro M. Recto
-he collected his poems in a book entitled “BAJO LOS
COCOTEROS” (Under the Coconut Trees)

-One of his writings dedicated to Rizal is "ANTE EL MARTIR“ (Before

the Martyr)
OTHER WRITERS IN SPANISH

1. Adelina Guerrea was first woman poet in the Philippines

who was good in Spanish. She obtained the Nobel Prize in
her EL NIDO (The Nest).

2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books entitled

Aroma de Ensueno (Scents of Dreams).

3. Macario Adriatico wrote of Legend of Mindoro entitled La

Punta de Salto The Place of Origin)
B. Literature in Filipino
1. Lope K. Santos
- "Father of the National language Grammar", he was also called "apo" of
the tagalog writers.
- "BANAAG AT SIKAT" was his master piece.

2. Jose Corazon de Jesus

- known as huseng batute, he was also called the poet of love in his time.
- "ANG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY", an elegy, is believed to be his masterpiece

3. Armando V. Hernandez
- was dubbed "Poet of the Laborers", his masterpiece is "ANG PANDAY"

4. Valeriano Hernandez Pena

- known as Tandang Anong, he considers "NENA AT NENENG" his
masterpiece.

5. Inigo Ed Regalado
- a popular story teller, novelist and newspaper man.
He reach the peak of his success by the "sumpong" of his pen.
THREE KINDS OF TAGALOG POETS

1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)

- These included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos
Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado
V. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.

2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)

- Led by Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes,
Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez.

3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan)

- Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, and
Tomas Remigio.
The Period of Re-Orientation (1898-1910)

 By 1900, English came to be used as a medium of

instruction in the public schools. From the American forces
were recruited the first teachers of English.

By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using

English. It was also about this time when UP, the forerunner in
the use of English in higher education, was founded.
THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1924)

 By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary

compositions of the first Filipino writers in English. They were
the pioneers in short story writing.

They were then groping their way into imitating American

and British models which resulted in a stilted, artificial and
unnatural style, lacking vitality and spontaneity.
PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925-1941)

 By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of

English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote
on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love
and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like
the novel and the drama.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERATURE

•Nationalism
•Freedom of Speech
•Experience
•Search and use of a new medium
THEMES OF LITERATURE

•Desire for freedom

•Love of Country
•Fight against colonialism and imperialism
DONE!!!
1. What did the Spanish period
contribute to the Philippine
Literature? How did it affect us?

2. Enumerate each influence

during American period and
elaborate its importance.