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• Market Economy
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8/21/2019 2
2
Markets and Competition
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a
particular product.
A competitive market is one with many buyers
and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price.
A perfectly competitive market:
• all goods exactly the same
• buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can
affect market price – each is a “price taker”
In this chapter, we assume markets are perfectly
competitive.
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 3
Demand
Demand comes from the behavior of buyers.
The quantity demanded of any good is the
amount of the good that buyers are willing and
able to purchase.
Law of demand: the claim that the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price of
the good rises, other things equal
Qd
P P
(Market)
$6.00
$0.00 24
$5.00 1.00 21
$4.00 2.00 18
$3.00
3.00 15
4.00 12
$2.00
5.00 9
$1.00 6.00 6
$0.00 Q
0 5 10 15 20 25
18
ACTIVE LEARNING 1:
A. price of iPods falls
Music downloads
Price of
and iPods are
music
down- complements.
loads A fall in price of
iPods shifts the
P1
demand curve for
music downloads
to the right.
D1 D2
Q1 Q2 Quantity of
music downloads
19
ACTIVE LEARNING 1:
B. price of music downloads falls
Price of
music
down- The D curve
loads does not shift.
Move down along
P1
curve to a point with
P2 lower P, higher Q.
D1
Q1 Q2 Quantity of
music downloads
20
ACTIVE LEARNING 1:
C. price of CDs falls
D2 D1
Q2 Q1 Quantity of
music downloads
21
Supply
Supply comes from the behavior of sellers.
The quantity supplied of any good is the
amount that sellers are willing and able to sell.
Law of supply: the claim that the quantity
supplied of a good rises when the price of the
good rises, other things equal
P Suppose the
$6.00 price of milk falls.
At each price,
$5.00
the quantity of
$4.00 Lattes supplied
will increase
$3.00
(by 5 in this
$2.00 example).
$1.00
$0.00 Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 29
Supply Curve Shifters: technology
Technology determines how much inputs are
required to produce a unit of output.
A cost-saving technological improvement has
same effect as a fall in input prices,
shifts the S curve to the right.
Q2 Q1 Quantity of tax
return software
35
ACTIVE LEARNING 2:
B. fall in cost of producing the software
Price of
tax return The S curve
S1 S2
software shifts to the
right:
P1
at each price,
Q increases.
Q1 Q2 Quantity of tax
return software
36
ACTIVE LEARNING 2:
C. professional preparers raise their price
Price of
tax return
S1 This shifts the
software
demand curve for
tax preparation
software, not the
supply curve.
Quantity of tax
return software
37
Supply and Demand Together
P Equilibrium:
$6.00 D S
P has reached
$5.00 the level where
$4.00 quantity supplied
$3.00
equals
quantity demanded
$2.00
$1.00
$0.00 Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 38
Equilibrium price:
The price that equates quantity supplied
with quantity demanded
P
$6.00 D S
P QD QS
$5.00 $0 24 0
$4.00 1 21 5
$3.00 2 18 10
3 15 15
$2.00
4 12 20
$1.00
5 9 25
$0.00 Q 6 6 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 39
Equilibrium quantity:
The quantity supplied and quantity demanded
at the equilibrium price
P
$6.00 D S
P QD QS
$5.00 $0 24 0
$4.00 1 21 5
$3.00 2 18 10
3 15 15
$2.00
4 12 20
$1.00
5 9 25
$0.00 Q 6 6 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 40
Surplus:
when quantity supplied is greater than
quantity demanded
P
$6.00 D Surplus S Example:
If P = $5,
$5.00
then
$4.00 QD = 9 lattes
$3.00 and
$2.00 QS = 25 lattes
$1.00
resulting in a surplus
of 16 lattes
$0.00 Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 41
Surplus:
when quantity supplied is greater than
quantity demanded
P
$6.00 D Surplus S Facing a surplus,
sellers try to increase
$5.00 sales by cutting the price.
$4.00 This causes
$3.00 QD to rise and QS to fall…
P
price of
S1
hybrid cars
P1
D1
Q
Q1
quantity of
hybrid cars
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 50
EXAMPLE 1: A Change in Demand
EVENT TO BE
ANALYZED: P
Increase in price of gas. S1
STEP 1: P2
D curve shifts
because
STEP 2: price of gas P1
affects demand for
D shifts right
hybrids.
because
STEP 3: high gas
S curve
price doeshybrids
makes not D1 D2
The shift
shift, causes
because an
price
more attractive Q
increase
of gas in price
does not cars. Q1 Q2
relative to other
and quantity
affect cost of of
hybrid cars.
producing hybrids.
CHAPTER 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 51
EXAMPLE 1: A Change in Demand
Notice: P
When P rises,
S1
producers supply
a larger quantity P2
of hybrids, even
though the S curve P1
has not shifted.
Always be careful
D1 D2
to distinguish b/w
a shift in a curve Q
Q1 Q2
and a movement
along the curve.
STEP 3, cont.
P1
But if supply
increases more P2
than demand,
D1 D2
P falls.
Q
Q1 Q2
57
ACTIVE LEARNING 3:
A. fall in price of CDs
The market for
P music downloads
S1
STEPS
1. D curve shifts P1
2. D shifts left P2
3. P and Q both
fall.
D2 D1
Q
Q2 Q1
58
ACTIVE LEARNING 3:
B. fall in cost of
The market for
royalties music downloads
P
S1 S2
STEPS
1. S curve shifts P1
(royalties are part P2
2. S shifts right
of sellers’ costs)
3. P falls,
Q rises.
D1
Q
Q1 Q2
59
ACTIVE LEARNING 3:
C. fall in price of CDs
AND fall in cost of royalties
STEPS
1. Both curves shift (see parts A & B).
2. D shifts left, S shifts right.
3. P unambiguously falls.
Effect on Q is ambiguous:
The fall in demand reduces Q,
the increase in supply increases Q.
60
CONCLUSION:
How Prices Allocate Resources
One of the Ten Principles from Chapter 1:
Markets are usually a good way
to organize economic activity.
In market economies, prices adjust to balance
supply and demand. These equilibrium prices
are the signals that guide economic decisions
and thereby allocate scarce resources.
a) Nếu cả ban quản lý thuê nhà và ban kinh doanh bất động sản
đều dự đoán đúng vềcung và cầu thì giá trên thị trường tự do là bao
nhiêu? Dân số thành phô thay đổi ra sao nếu giá thuê trung bình
hàng tháng ở mức tối đa là 100 ngàn, và tất cả những ai không tìm
được căn hộ đều phải rời thành phố.
b) Giả sử giá thuê nhà được ấn định là 900 ngàn /tháng, tình hình
thị trường
CHAPTER 4 THE nhàsẽ như
thuêMARKET thế nào?
FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 67
Qua nghiên cứu thống kê, người ta biết rằng đường
cung và đường cầu lúa mì năm 1985 ở Mỹ phỏng chừng
như sau:
QS=1800+240P
QD=2580-194P
Trong đó giá được tính bằng dollar mỗi giạ và khối
lượng được tính bằng đơn vị triệu gam cho mỗi năm.
Tính điểm cân bằng
Giả sử Liên xô cũ đã mua thêm 200 triệu gam lúa mì của
Mỹ. Giá thị trườngtự do của lúa mì ở Mỹ sẽ như thế nào
và nông dân Mỹ sẽ sản xuất và bán với lượng nào?