Strand 2

Topic 3
Unit 1
Transport systems in
animals
Human Circulatory
System

1
Human Circulatory System  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
• Consist of  Cardiac Cycle
• Heart  Lymphatic
• Blood vessels  Diseases
• Blood
• Lymphatic system and
• Lymph See Table 1 p114
• Functions
• Transport nutrients (monomers) to liver to be metabolised and digested
• Transport glucose to cells for respiration
• Transport O2 to cells for respiration
• Transports metabolic wastes to excretory organs
• E.g. CO2 to lungs
• Urea, uric acid to kidneys
• Transport Hormones to target organs
2
Human Circulatory System  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Double circulatory system: Blood flow through heart  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
twice. Once to the lungs to get oxygenated and once to  Diseases
the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and collect
waste products.
• Structure
• Pulmonary system: Lesser system between heart and lungs
• Systemic system: Greater system between heart and rest of
the body
• Hepatic system: Delivers blood to Intestines and liver
• Coronary system: Delivers blood to heart muscle

3
Human Circulatory System  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
 Diseases

4
Movement of blood  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
• Blood flows from high pressure to low pressure.  Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
• Pressure gradient is created by  Diseases
• Pump action of heart
• Contraction of muscular walls of arteries and veins.
• Intercostal muscles (between ribs) contracting during inhalation
– enlarging the chest cavity – reducing pressure – brings blood
back to heart.
• Valves
• Found in the heart, veins and lymphatic vessels.
• Prevent backflow. Blood only flows in one direction.
• Consist of membranes (cusps) that
• Flatten (open) when blood is flowing forward
• Close to block reverse flow
5
 Strand 2
Topic 3
Unit 2
Transport systems in
animals
Heart

6
External structures of heart  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Surrounded by layer of fat (shock absorption)  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• Pericardium: Double layer membrane around the heart  Diseases
• Fluid between layers to prevent friction
• Coronary arteries and -veins supply cardiac wall with O2
and nutrients.

7
Internal Structure of Heart  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Cardiac muscle forms walls of heart; Left Ventricle wall is  Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
much thicker than Right Ventricle  Diseases

• 2 Atria (atrium singular)

• 2 Ventricles
• Septum: Divide into left and right chambers, separating
oxygenated from deoxygenated blood.

8
Functions of heart structures  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Atria (Top chambers): Small with thin walls; pumps blood  Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
to ventricles  Diseases
• Ventricles (Bottom chambers): Bigger with thick walls;
Pumps blood out of heart
• Left Ventricle: Thick wall (muscle); Pumps blood to entire body
• Right Ventricle: Thinner wall; Pumps blood to Lungs
• Aorta: Biggest artery, receives blood from left ventricle;
branch off to provide blood to whole body.
• Vena cava: Return blood to heart from body
• Pulmonary artery: Takes blood to lungs to be oxygenated.
• Pulmonary veins: Return oxygenated blood to heart. 9
Functions of heart structures  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
• Coronary Artery: Supply heart muscle with blood.  Cardiac Cycle
Originate in left atrium  Lymphatic
 Diseases
• Coronary vein: Return blood to right atrium
• Papillary muscles: Contract to open valves and prevent
prolapse.
• Tendinous chords: Connect papillary muscles to cusps of
valves
• Valves: Prevent backflow
• Tricuspid valve (3 cusps): between Right Atrium and ventricle
• Bicuspid valve (2 cusps): between Left Atrium and ventricle
• Semilunar valves: At base of Aorta and Pulmonary artery; prevent
backflow into heart
10
Longitudinal section through the heart  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
Aorta  Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
Pulmonary artery  Diseases
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary (semi-lunar) valve Pulmonary veins
Aortic (semi-lunar) valve Coronary artery
Coronary Vein Left Atrium
Right atrium Bicuspid valve
Tricuspid valve Tendinous Chords
Inferior vena cava
Papillary muscles Blood vessels
Septum Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle Heart chambers
Cardiac Muscle
Valves
Pericardium
Other
Aorta
11
 Strand 2
Topic 3
Unit 3
Transport systems in
animals
Blood Vessels

12
  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
 Diseases

13
Types of blood vessels
Artery Vein Capillary
Structure Thick walls (muscle layer) Thin walls (muscle layer) Single layer of squamous
No valves Valves epithelium
Deeper under skin Shallow under skin No valves
Smaller Lumen Larger Lumen Very small Lumen
Everywhere in body
Function Carries blood from heart Carries blood to heart Exchange substances at tissue
Carry Oxygenated blood (except Carry Deoxygenated blood Thin walls for easy diffusion
Pulmonary artery) (except Pulmonary vein) High Pressure
High Pressure Low Pressure Slow moving
Fast moving Slow moving
Pulsating Continuous flow
Connective tissue
Smooth Muscle
Lumen Squamous
Squamous epithelium epithelium

14
 Strand 2
Topic 3
Unit 4
Transport systems in
animals
Direction of blood flow

15
Human Circulatory System  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
 Diseases

16
Path of blood flow

Pulmonary Circulation
• Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the Superior-
and Inferior vena cava.
• Blood is pumped to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
• Then via the pulmonary artery, through the semi-lunar valve to
the lungs to be oxygenated.
• Oxygenated blood return from the lungs via pulmonary veins to
the left atrium.

Blood vessels
Heart chambers
Valves 17
Path of blood flow

Systemic Circulation
• Newly oxygenated blood return from the lungs to the left atrium
via the pulmonary veins.
• Blood is pumped to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.
• Blood exits the heart via the aorta to the rest of the body.
• The aorta branch into many arteries which branch into arterioles
that deliver blood to all the different tissues via capillaries.
• Capillaries join to form venules which unite to form veins.
• Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the heart via the
Superior- and inferior vena cava. Blood vessels
Heart chambers
Valves 18
Path of blood flow

19
Path of blood flow

Pulmonary arteries Lungs Pulmonary veins

Pulmonary Left Atrium

valve Bicuspid
Right Ventricle Heart valve

Tricuspid Left Ventricle

valve Aortic
Right Atrium valve

Blood vessels
Veins Capillaries Arteries Aorta Heart chambers
Vena cava
Valves
Body Other
20
 Strand 2
Topic 3
Unit 5
Transport systems in
animals
Cardiac Cycle

21
Cardiac Cycle  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• All the changes that take place in the heart during one  Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
heart beat.  Diseases
• 3 phases
• General diastole
• Atrial systole
• Ventricular systole

22
Cardiac cycle  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
 Diseases

Blood vessels
Heart chambers
Valves
Other 23
General Diastole

• Whole heart relaxes

• Blood pressure decrease
• Blood simultaneously enters through:
• The Superior- and inferior vena cava into right atrium
and right ventricle (Tricuspid valve open)
• The Pulmonary vein into left atrium and left ventricle
(Bicuspid valve open)

• Semilunar valves in aorta and pulmonary

artery is closed to prevent backflow into Blood vessels

ventricles. Heart chambers

Valves
Other 24
Atrial Systole

• Atria contracts
• Blood is forced through
• The tricuspid valve into right ventricle
• And the bicuspid valve into left ventricle
• Valves at the superior- and inferior vena cava
as well as pulmonary veins close to prevent
backflow

Blood vessels
Heart chambers
Valves
Other 25
Ventricular systole
• Ventricles contract simultaneously from apex
upward.
• Tricuspid valve closes to prevent backflow into
right atrium
• Bicuspid valve closes to prevent backflow into
left atrium
• The pulmonary and aortic Semilunar valves
open.
• Blood from right ventricle is forced into Blood vessels

pulmonary artery Heart chambers

Valves
• Blood from left ventricle is forced into the Other
aorta
26
Regulation of Heart Rate  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Receptors in wall of aorta detect changes in blood  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
pressure.  Diseases
• Then sends impulses to the medulla oblongata in the brain.
• Which sends impulses back to the SA node in the heart to…
• Increase Heart Rate if the blood pressure is low.
• Decrease Heart Rate if the blood pressure is high.

27
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Heart rate = Pulse rate measured in beats per minute (bpm)  Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
 Diseases

• Blood pressure is the pressure of blood inside the

circulatory system.
• Measured using sphygmomanometer

28
 Strand 2
Topic 3
Unit 6
Transport systems in
animals
Lymphatic System

29
Consist of  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Lymphatic capillaries  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• Lymph vessels  Diseases

• Lymph nodes
• Lymph (fluid)

30
Functions  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Drains excess tissue fluid  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• Assist the Immune system  Diseases
• Protects body by removing microbes
• Produce lymphocytes
• Transport absorbed fats from small intestine to
bloodstream
• Transport proteins and protein particles in the body
tissues into bloodstream

31
What is lymph?  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Colourless fluid, similar to tissue fluid, except it contains  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
products of fat digestion and white blood cells.  Diseases

Where does it come from?

• Blood plasma leaks out capillaries around tissue cells.
• This forms tissue fluid around tissue cells
• Excess tissue fluid is taken up by lymphatic system.
• This forms lymph

32
Lymph capillaries and vessels  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Lymph capillaries are more permeable than blood  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
capillaries.  Diseases
• Overlapping endothelium forms mini valves, ensuring one
way movement
• Lymph capillaries join to form lymph vessels

33
Lymph transport  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Lymphatic capillaries collects lymph at body tissue  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• Lymph gets transported via lymph vessels  Diseases

• Lymph nodes are found intermittently along lymph vessels

• Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes (WBC) that form antibodies.
• They remove waste, foreign substances and bacteria.
• Lymph eventually drains into subclavian vein in the neck
before entering inferior vena cava.
• Returning the “lost” blood plasma
• Restoring blood pressure

34
Movement of lymph  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• There is no pump (like the heart)  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• Relies on…  Diseases
• Contraction of intercostal muscles (inhalation) which draws
lymph upwards
• Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, squeezing
lymph along lymph vessels
• Semilunar valves ensure one way movement

35
Lymphedema  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Oedema: Swelling in the limbs caused by an accumulation  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
of fluid in the tissue.  Diseases
• Lymphedema: Oedema caused by blockage of the
lymphatic vessels resulting in excess tissue fluid
accumulation.

36
Draw Figure 1 p126  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
 Diseases

37
  Circulatory
System
 Heart
Capillaries  Blood Vessels
 Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
Tissue Fluid
 Diseases
Tissue fluid Blood
enter Plasma exits
capillaries capillaries

Venule Excess tissue fluid Arteriole

taken up by
lymphatic
capillaries Lymphatic capillary
38
Lymphatic vessel
 Strand 2
Topic 3
Unit 7
Transport systems in
animals
Heart Diseases

39
Blood Pressure  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Blood pressure (force exerted by blood on blood vessels)  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• Measured in millimetres mercury (mm Hg)  Diseases
• Systolic pressure over Diastolic pressure (SP/DP)
• Systolic is when ventricles is contracting (highest pressure)
• Diastolic is when heart is at rest (lowest pressure)
• Avg. should be around 130/85

40
Diseases of the heart (Table 1 p128)
Disease Description
High Blood Pressure • Above 140/90 mm Hg
(Hypertension) • Increases risk of Heart attacks or
strokes
Low Blood Pressure • Below 100 mmHg Systolic pressure • Dizziness
(Hypotension) • Can become a problem if blood
doesn’t get to brain
Heart Attack • Blocked coronary blood vessels
(Cardiac Arrest) (no blood to heart muscle)
• Heart becomes damaged due to
lack of O2
Stroke • Caused by blood clot in brain
(blocks blood flow to brain)
• Brain damage due to lack of O2
Symptoms
• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Prolonged chest pain
• Upper body discomfort
• Abnormal sweating
• Shortness of breath
• Difficulty communicating
• Weak arms and legs
• Facial paralysis
• Loss of consciousness
Treatment
• Lifestyle changes
• Medication
• Determine and treat
underlying condition
• Urgent medical
attention
• See p129
• Medication to dissolve
and prevent blood clots
41
  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

• Arteriosclerosis: Plaque build-up in the arteries  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
 Diseases

42
Heart Attack  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
 Diseases

43
Stroke  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Cardiac Cycle
 Lymphatic
 Diseases

44
Treatments  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

Valve Replacement  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• When a heart valve is faulty  Diseases

• Valve is replaced with a valve from a pig, cow or artificial

valve

• Video (Not for sensitive viewers)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=C-sIdppyaPQ#t=1m25s

45
Treatments  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

Angioplasty  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• To open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries.  Diseases

• Catheter is inserted into artery at groin or arm and

guided to heart.
• Balloon is used to compress fat into artery wall
• Stent can be inserted to keep artery open.

46
Treatments  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

Heart Transplants  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• For heart failure or severe coronary artery disease.  Diseases

• Healthy heart from recently deceased donor is

transplanted into patient.
• Medication has to be taken to prevent patient’s immune
system from rejecting heart.

47
Treatments  Circulatory
System
 Heart
 Blood Vessels

Pacemakers  Cardiac Cycle

 Lymphatic
• If patient’s natural pacemaker isn’t working correctly.  Diseases

• An artificial pacemaker can be fitted to provide

electrical signal for the heart to beat

48
Revision

• Complete revision activity on p130 and 131

49