Material & Construction 2

Credit Hours 3
Session per week: 1
Lecture Three
We will study
1. Introduction of Concrete
2. Types of Cement Concrete
3. Characteristics of Good Cement concrete
4. Batching of Concrete
5. Mixing of Concrete
6. Placing of Concrete
7. Curing of concrete
8. Concrete test
9. Concrete joints (Expansion joint, construction
joints

School of Architecture
University of South Asia, Lahore, Pakistan, May 08-05, 2015
1. Introduction of Concrete
 Concrete
Concrete is composed mainly of cement (commonly Portland cement), aggregate, water, and
chemical admixtures.
Add Volume
Act as a
BINDER

Add Volume

Portland Cement Coarse Aggregate

Act as a FILLER

Chemical Admixtures
Fine Aggregate
 BINDER

VOLUME and
STRENGTH

FILLER

for Bonded

ingredients of concrete
•Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a
chemical process known as hydration.
•The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together,
eventually creating a stone-like material.
•Concrete is used more than any other man-made material in the world.
•The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus" (meaning compact or
condensed).
•The first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and the
Romans from 300 BC.

Opus caementicium laying bare on a tomb near Rome. In Outer view of the Roman Pantheon, still the largest unreinforced
contrast to modern concrete structures, the concrete walls of solid concrete dome to this day.
Roman buildings were covered, usually with brick or stone.
2. Types of Cement Concrete
Types of Cement Concrete
1. Plain Cement Concrete
2. Reinforced Cement Concrete
3. Pre-Stressed Cement Concrete
a. Pre Tension
b. Post Tension
Flexure

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Initial Cracking

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Failure

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 Reinforced Beam

Reinforced Bar

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Initial Cracking

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Higher Load Level

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Ultimate Load

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Preparing Re-bar

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Re-bar Ready for Pouring

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Prestressed

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Pre-stressing Re-bar

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Re-bar Setup for Pre-stressing

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Pre-Stressed Bridge Sections

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Prestressed Concrete

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Strength Concrete

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Weight of Concrete

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Behavior

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Water to Cement Ratio
(W/C Ratio)

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Fresh to Hardened State

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 Other classes of Concrete:
• There are various types of concrete for different applications that are created by changing the proportions of the main
ingredients.

• The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be mixed and delivered, and how it will be
placed to form the structure.

• Examples include:

• Regular concrete
• Pre-Mixed concrete
• High-strength concrete
• Stamped concrete
• High-Performance concrete
• UHPC (Ultra-High Performance Concrete)
• Self-consolidating concretes
• Vacuum concretes
• Shotcrete
• Cellular concrete
• Roller-compacted concrete
• Glass concrete
• Asphalt concrete
• Rapid strength concrete
• Rubberized concrete
• Polymer concrete
• Geopolymer or Green concrete
• Limecrete
• Gypsum concrete
• Light-Transmitting Concrete
3.Characteristics of Good Concrete
 Characteristics of Good Concrete

1. Strength
2. Durability
3. Fire Resistance
4. Impermeability (non porous)
5. Toughness
6. Workability
7. Shrinkage
8. Fatigue or toughness
9. Economy
10. Appearance
4.Batching of Concrete
 Batching of Concrete

There are two methods of batching the ingredients of Concrete;

1. by Weight
2. By Volume
BATCHING BY WEIGHT
BATCHING BY VOLUME

1 PART OF CEMENT
n= part of sand
2n= part of Aggregate
5.Mixing of Concrete
Mixing of Concrete
There are two methods of Concrete Mixing
1. Machine mixing
2. Hand mixing
How to Pour concrete
Clear the area of any
objects or material
that would interfere
in the pouring
process. This includes
grass, rocks, trees,
shrubs, and even old
concrete. Clear away
everything until raw
earth is exposed.
Prepare your sub base

Lay a 4–8 inch (10.2–

20.3 cm) thick sub base
with your chosen
material, and then
compact it with a hand
tamper or a plate
compactor. Plate
compactors can be
overkill for small, DIY
projects, but offer more
power in the compacting
process.
Prepare a form
A form is usually a
wooden perimeter,
secured by special
nails or screws, and
built around the
pouring site. A well-
built form will help
you achieve a better
finish on your
concrete.
Consider adding wire mesh or
rebar to your form (optional).
Pouring
Pour the concrete into
the mold.
Screed the top of the
concrete
Starting at the uphill
point, use a screeding
tool to flatten out the
wet concrete.
Screeding involves
jiggling a wide plank of
wood back and forth, if
possible immediately
over the forms, to
create a flat surface.
Float the newly-
screeded surface to
further compact the
concrete.
Make control joints every 5
o 6 feet (1.8 m) with a
groover. Line up a plank as a
straight edge to make
periodic joints in the
concrete. These joints will
help the concrete withstand
cracking due to
temperature changes. Cut
the joints about a quarter of
the thickness of the
concrete.
 Create traction.

Use a broom to sweep across

the surface, creating designs.
This will provide traction on
the concrete so it is not as
slippery when wet. A soft brush
can also be used for a different
texture that is less rough. For a
smoother surface, but one that
still has a pattern to it, you can
use the trowel and slide it over
the surface in a circular
motion. Make sure the grooves
are not so deep that water
stands on the surface. Standing
water will compromise the
integrity of the concrete.

Use a broom to sweep across the surface

Cure and seal the
concrete. Concrete should be
left to cure for 7 to 28 days,
with the initial day being the
most critical. As soon as the
concrete has been poured,
professionals usually
recommend sealing the
concrete. The sealant will help
the concrete cure, as well as
prevent cracks and
discoloration.
How to Finish a Large span of concrete
to fit with a handsaw. Set
your forms. These need to
be set to the correct grade,
braced securely, and
aligned correctly.
AGGREGATE
Install any reinforcing
and/or moisture barrier.
Begin placing your slab
at the farthest, or back
side.
Pull the screed. It often helps
to tilt the screed board back
about 10 to 15 degrees as
you pull it, and some finishers
prefer to "saw" the board
back and forth across the
concrete to close up small
voids in the surface.
Place and screed the
concrete to the end of
your slab. If you have left a
path for the truck to back
down through your pour,
you will have to stop the
truck long enough to
quickly set the end form in
place and stake it down.
 Work the edges of your slab
with an edger, and clean up
the joints and any "cat
faces" (rough spots) with
your magnesium float by
working off of knee boards
when the concrete will
support your weight.

edger
Finish the slab by either
dragging a wide, soft
bristled push broom across
it, or trowel with the
power trowel.
 Curing of concrete
Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept
within a reasonable temperature range. The result of this process is increased strength
and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks in
the concrete, which severely impacts durability.
Concrete test
Compression Testing Core Sample

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 Slump Test
• The goal of the test is to measure the consistency of
concrete through out the mix.

• "Slump" is simply a term coined to describe how

consistent a concrete sample is.

• The test also further determines the workability of

concrete, how easy is it to handle, compact, and cure
concrete.

• By adjusting the cement-water ratio or adding

plasticizers to increase the slump of the concrete will
give a desired mix.
Slowly and carefully remove the cone by lifting it vertically (5 seconds +/- 2
seconds), making sure that the concrete sample does not move.
After the concrete stabilizes, measure the
slump-height by turning the slump cone upside
down next to the sample, placing the tamping
rod on the slump cone and measuring the
distance from the rod to the original displaced
center.
A change in slump height would demonstrate an undesired change in the ratio of the concrete
ingredients; the proportions of the ingredients are then adjusted to keep a concrete batch
consistent. This homogeneity improves the quality and structural integrity of the cured
concrete.
CONCRETE JOINTS
An expansion joint or movement joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-
induced expansion and contraction of construction materials, to absorb vibration, to hold
parts together, or to allow movement due to ground settlement or earthquakes.
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
 Question

• What is the difference between tension and

compression?
 Question

• Why would concrete ever be used in tension?

 Why Do We Reinforce Concrete?

• Prevent cracking due to tension forces

 How Do We Reinforce Concrete?
• Steel rebar
– Excellent in tension, poor in compression
• Chicken Wire
– Minimize thermal expansion
Failed concrete structures.
Lecture Three

We Studied
1. Introduction of Concrete
2. Types of Cement Concrete
3. Characteristics of Good Cement concrete
4. Batching of Concrete
5. Mixing of Concrete
6. Placing of Concrete
7. Curing of concrete
8. Concrete test
9. Concrete joints (Expansion joint, construction
joints

School of Architecture
University of South Asia, Lahore, Pakistan, May 08-05, 2015
Thanks