STRATEGI INSTRUKSI

Prof Saemah Rahman

Hasilan Pembelajaran

• Menjelaskan konsep
rekabentuk Instruksi
• Mengenalpasti teori-
teori /model
rekabentuk instruksi
• Aplikasi teori /model ID
 Aktiviti 1: Refleksi metakognisi
• Fikirkan satu sesi pengajaran yang anda
kendalikan
• Terangkan langkah demi langkah sesi pengajaran
tersebut
– Mula-mula saya …
– Lepas itu …
– kemudian …
– ….Akhirnya ….
• Bincangkan dengan rakan di sebelah anda dan
hasilkan satu langkah umum yang anda lakukan
dalam satu satu sesi pengajaran
 Aktiviti 2: Baca dan kongsi
• Baca dan pelajari tentang bahan berikut:
• Gagne‘s nine event of instruction:
• Terangkan kepada rakan anda
• Sediakan rumusan anda tentang sembilan
langkah pengajaran menurut gagne
 Aktiviti 3: Aplikasi Gagne 9 events
dalam PnP
• Rujuk semula langkah-langkah pengajaran
anda
• Petakan langkah-langkah tersebut dengan
Gagne 9 events
• Murnikan langkah-langkah pengajaran
tersebut
• Poskan jawapan anda di WA kumpulan
 Konsep ID
• "instructional experiences which make the
acquisition of knowledge and skill more
efficient, effective, and appealing
• Goal:
– create successful learning experiences
– engender transfer of instruction/training
 ID
Three fundamental concerns :
• identifying the goals
• selecting the strategy
• evaluating success (Moore, Bates & Grundling, 2002, p.71).
 ID
Traditionally rooted in
Cognitive and Behavioral
Psychology

recently Constructivism (learning theory)

 Sejarah ID
• Skinner: “The Science of Learning and the Art
of Teaching”
• Programmed instructional materials

• Bloom:“Three domains of learning“

• Cognitive (what one knows or thinks),
• Psychomotor (what one does)
• Affective (what one feels))
 Sejarah ID
• Gagne : “The conditions of learning”
Cognitive Domain
• 1. Verbal information is stated
• 2. Intellectual skills - labelling or classifying the
concepts
• 3. Intellectual skills - applying the rules and principles
• 4. Intellectual skills - problem solving allows the
generation of solutions or procedures
• 5. Cognitive strategies - are used for learning
Affective Domain
• 1. Attitudes - are demonstrated by preferring options
Psychomotor Domain
• 1. Motor skills - enable physical performance
 Sejarah ID
Gagne‘s Nine Events of Instruction
1. Gaining attention: Stimulus
2. Informing learners of objectives: Teacher communicates outcome to the
group
3. Stimulating recall of prior learning: The teacher asks for recall of
existing relevant knowledge
4. Presenting the stimulus: The teacher gives emphasis to distinctive
features.
5. Providing learning guidance: The teacher helps the students in
understanding (semantic encoding) by providing organization and
relevance.
6. Eliciting performance: The teacher asks the learners to respond,
demonstrating learning.
7. Providing feedback: The teacher gives informative feedback on the
learners' performance.
8. Assessing performance: The teacher requires more learner
performance, and gives feedback, to reinforce learning.
9. Enhancing retention and transfer: The teacher provides varied practice
to generalize the capability.
 Sejarah ID
• 1990s constructivist theory began to gain
attraction
• In 2000 Internet, social media tools and
multitudes of information resources, became
a popular tool instructional designers
• Nowadays the challenge for instructional
designers is how to create learning
opportunities that may now occur anywhere
and anytime.
 Teori dan Model
• ISD is a system approach to create instruction.
• ISD idea : provide learners with a clear
statement of what they must be able to do as
a result of instruction/training and how their
performance will be evaluated.
 Aktiviti 4
Cari bahan tentang ID berikut di internet dan jelaskan
1. ADDIE
2. The Morrison, Ross and Kemp model
3. Seel & Glasgow
4. Dick & Carey
5. Smith/Ragan Model
6. OAR Model ( Objectives-Activities - Resources) in
higher education
7. Wiggins' theory of backward design
Bentangkan kepada kelas
 Teori dan Model
• ADDIE Model
– Analysis
– Design
– Development
– Implementation
– Evaluation
Teori dan Model: The Morrison, Ross and Kemp model
Teori dan Model: Seels and Glasgow Model
Teori dan Model
Smith/Ragan Model
OAR Model
 KESIMPULAN
Perkins: Instructional-design theory

• Clear information. Descriptions and examples of

the goals
• Thoughtful practice. Opportunity for learners to
engage actively and reflectively whatever is to be
learned
• Informative feedback. Clear, helping them to
proceed more effectively.
• Strong intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. Activities
that are amply rewarded (Perkins, 1992, p. 45).
 KESIMPULAN
Instructional-design theories are:
• design oriented,
• they describe methods of instruction and the
situations in which those methods should be
used,
• the methods can be broken into simpler
component methods, and
• the methods are probabilistic (Perkins, 1992, pp. 53).
Terima kasih