ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE ( 17CS562)

The main topics in AI

Artificial intelligence can be considered under a number of headings:
• Search (includes Game Playing).
• Representing Knowledge and Reasoning with it.
• Planning.
• Learning.
• Natural language processing.
• Expert Systems.
• Interacting with the Environment
(e.g. Vision, Speech recognition, Robotics)
 Reading
ence Books :
rtificial intelligence: A Modern approach, Straut Russel, Peter Norving, Pearson Education
nd edition.

an W. Patterson, “Introduction to artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems”-Prentice Hal of

ndia.
.Luger, “Artificial Intelligence: Structures and strategies for complex problem Solving”,
ourth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002.
rtificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Development by D W Rolston-Mc Graw hill.
.P. Padhy Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems”, O xford University Press-2015.
 Grading

Problem sets: Assignments , Quiz and OBE activities

Internal Assessment

Class participation and discussion

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (17CS562)
COURSE OBJECTIVES :

1. Identify the problems where AI is required and the different methods available
2. Compare and contrast different AI techniques available.
3. Define and explain learning algorithms

COURSE OUTCOMES :
1. Identify the AI based problems
2. Apply techniques to solve AI problems
3. Define learning and explain various learning techniques
4. Discuss on expert system
 Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course:
• Knowledge and understanding
You should have a knowledge and understanding of the basic concepts of Artificial
Intelligence including Search, Game Playing, Planning and Machine Learning.

• Intellectual skills
You should be able to use this knowledge and understanding of appropriate principles and
guidelines to synthesise solutions to tasks in AI and to critically evaluate alternatives.

• Practical skills
You should be able to use a well known language and to construct simple AI systems.

• Transferable Skills
You should be able to solve problems and evaluate outcomes and alternatives
What is Intelligence???

Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn

from, to understand about, and interact with one’s
environment.

Intelligence is the faculty of understanding

 Obvious question
• What is AI?
• Programs that behave externally like humans?

• Programs that operate internally as humans do?

• Computational systems that behave intelligently?

• Rational behaviour?
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?

• Making computers that think?

• The automation of activities we associate with human
thinking, like decision making, learning ... ?
• The art of creating machines that perform functions
that require intelligence when performed by people ?
• The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models ?
 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• the study of computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason and act ?
• a branch of computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behaviour ?
• anything in Computing Science that we don't yet know how to do
properly ? (!)
The Foundation of AI
• Philosophy
• At that time, the study of human intelligence began with no formal expression
• Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its internal operations
The Foundation of AI
 Mathematics formalizes the three main area of AI: computation, logic,
and probability

 Computation leads to analysis of the problems that can be computed

 complexity theory

 Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to handle uncertainty in AI

 Decision theory combines probability theory and utility theory (bias)

The Foundation of AI
• Psychology

• How do humans think and act?

• The study of human reasoning and acting

• Provides reasoning models for AI

• Strengthen the ideas

• humans and other animals can be considered as information processing machines

The Foundation of AI
• Computer Engineering

• How to build an efficient computer?

• Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible

• The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult problems

more easily

• AI has also contributed its own work to computer science, including: time-
sharing, the linked list data type, OOP, etc.
The Foundation of AI
• Linguistics

• For understanding natural languages

• different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work

• Formal languages

• Syntactic and semantic analysis

• Knowledge representation
 What Is Artificial Intelligence???

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the

science of making computers do things that
require intelligence when done by humans.
 AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to
be intelligent
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
Answer: The power of a machine to copy intelligent human behavior.
Right???
How Does AI Works??
Artificial intelligence works with the help of
• Artificial Neurons (Artificial Neural Network)
And
• Scientific theorems(If-Then Statements, Logics)
What is Neural Networking??
 Artificial neural networks are composed of interconnecting artificial
neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological
neurons).
Dendrites: Accepts Inputs

Soma: Processes the Inputs

Axon: Turns the processed inputs into outputs

Synapses: The electrochemical contact between

neurons

Sec 2: ANN 21
Turing Test
• Human beings are intelligent
Alan Turing

• To be called intelligent, a machine must produce

responses that are indistinguishable from those of
a human

The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to

demonstrate intelligence
Resemblance To Human Mind....

The special ability of artificial intelligence is to reach a

solution based on facts rather than on a preset series of steps—
is what most closely resembles the thinking function of the
human brain
Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence
 Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence

Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

• Intuition, Common sense, • Ability to simulate human

Judgement, Creativity, Beliefs behavior and cognitive
etc processes

• The ability to demonstrate their • Capture and preserve human

intelligence by communicating expertise
effectively

• Plausible Reasoning and Critical • Fast Response. The ability to

thinking comprehend large amounts of
data quickly.
 Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence
Cons

Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

• Humans are fallible
• They have limited knowledge bases
• Information processing of serial
nature proceed very slowly in the
brain as compared to computers
• Humans are unable to retain
large amounts of data in
memory.
• No “common sense”
• Cannot readily deal with “mixed”
knowledge
• May have high development
costs
• Raise legal and ethical concerns
Does AI have applications?
•Autonomous planning and scheduling of tasks
aboard a spacecraft
•Beating Gary Kasparov in a chess match
•Steering a driver-less car
•Understanding language
•Robotic assistants in surgery
•Monitoring trade in the stock market to see if
insider trading is going on
Artificial Intelligence VS. Robot

AI Robot

Programmed to think Programmed to do

Social Interaction Low level interaction

Learns Only as smart as program

 Sub-fields of Artificial Intelligence

• Neural Networks – e.g. brain modelling, time series prediction, classification

• Evolutionary Computation – e.g. genetic algorithms, genetic programming
• Vision – e.g. object recognition, image understanding
• Robotics – e.g. intelligent control, autonomous exploration
• Expert Systems – e.g. decision support systems, teaching systems
• Speech Processing– e.g. speech recognition and production
• Natural Language Processing – e.g. machine translation
• Planning – e.g. scheduling, game playing
• Machine Learning – e.g. decision tree learning, version space learning
1) AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment people do
better.

2) AI is a field of study that encompasses computational techniques for performing tasks

that apparently require intelligence when performed by humans.

3) AI is the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent
behaviour.

AI is based upon the principles of computer science

• Data structures used in knowledge representation
• Algorithms needed to apply that knowledge and the
• Languages and programming techniques used in their implementation.
4) AI is the field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour in terms of
computational processes.

5. AI is about generating representations and procedures that automatically or autonomously

solve problems heretofore solved by humans.

6. AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer

systems, that is, computer systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with
intelligence in human behaviour such as understanding language, learning, reasoning and
solving problems.

7. AI is the study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act.

8. AI is concerned with developing computer systems that can store knowledge and
effectively use the knowledge to help solve problems and accomplish tasks
Formal Tasks- Tasks which requires logic and constraints to function.
(For eg. Mathematics, Games, verification)

Mundane tasks- Routine everyday tasks that requires common sense

reasoning

Expert Task : Professional Skills involved in performing task

 AI Techniques
Intelligence requires Knowledge
• Knowledge posesses less desirable properties such as:
– Voluminous
– Hard to characterize accurately
– Constantly changing
– Differs from data that can be used

• AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should be

represented in such a way that:
– Knowledge captures generalization
– It can be understood by people who must provide it
– It can be easily modified to correct errors.
– It can be used in variety of situations
– It can be used to narrow the range of possibilities that must usually
be considered.
 PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS
A problem may have different aspects of representation and explanation. In order to choose the most appropriate method
for a particular problem, it is necessary to analyze the problem along several key dimensions. Some of the main key features
of a problem are given below.

 Is the problem decomposable into set of sub problems?

 Can the solution step be ignored or undone?
 Is the problem universally predictable?
 Is a good solution to the problem obvious without comparison to all the possible
solutions?
 Is the desire solution a state of world or a path to a state?
 Is a large amount of knowledge absolutely required to solve the problem?
 Will the solution of the problem required interaction between the computer and the
person?
The above characteristics of a problem are called as 7-problem characteristics under which the solution
Building a system to solve a problem requires the following steps

- Define the problem precisely including detailed specifications and what constitutes an

acceptable solution;

- Analyse the problem thoroughly for some features may have a dominant affect on the

chosen method of solution;

- Isolate and represent the background knowledge needed in the solution of the problem;

- Choose the best problem solving techniques in the solution

 8- Puzzle Problem

Definition:

“It has set off a 3x3 board having 9 block spaces out of which 8 blocks having tiles bearing number from 1 to 8. One space

is left blank. The tile adjacent to blank space can move into it. We have to arrange the tiles in a sequence for getting the

goal state”.