DR NEENA SONDHI

CHAPTER-10

DATA PROCESSING
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

DR NEENA SONDHI SLIDE 10-1

The data preparation process

DATA EDITING

DATA CODING

DATA CLASSIFICATION
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

DATA TABULATION

EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-2

Field work validation

DR NEENA SONDHI

Pre-survey
 In case the form has been translated into another language
 The questionnaire survey has to be done at multiple locations and
if one has outsourced to outside research investigators , thus
there might have been discrepancy in conduction or recording

Post-survey
 The qualifying instructions like-“in case answer is ----- please
answer the next set of questions else go to question-------.” were
overlooked.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 The respondent seems to have used the same response category

for all the questions.
 The form that is received back is incomplete.
 The form has been filled in by someone who is not representative
of the population to be studied.
 The forms are not in proportion to the sampling plan.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-3

Benefits of data editing

DR NEENA SONDHI

 The data obtained is complete in all respects.

 It is accurate in terms of information recorded and

responses sought.
 Questionnaires are legible and are correctly deciphered,
especially the open ended questions.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 The response format is in the form that was instructed.

 The data is structured in a manner that entering the

information will not be a problem.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-4

Data editing
DR NEENA SONDHI

Field editing: usually done by the field investigators at the

end of every field day the investigator(s) who must
review the filled forms for any inconsistencies, non-
response, illegible responses or incomplete
questionnaires.

Centralized in-house editing: usually done at the

researcher’s end.
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 Backtracking
 Allocating missing values
 Plug value
 Discarding unsatisfactory responses

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-5

Data coding
DR NEENA SONDHI

The process of identifying and denoting a numeral to

the responses given by the respondent is called
coding
 Field

 Record
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 File

 Data matrix

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-6

Data coding
DR NEENA SONDHI

Sample record: Excel sheet for two-wheeler owners

Vehicle
Column 3 Km/day Family size
Unit occupation Column 4 Marital status Column 6
Column 1 Column 2 Column 5
1 4 1 20 1 3
2 3 2 25 2 1
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

3 5 1 25 1 4
4 2 1 15 2 2
5 4 2 20 2 4
6 5 2 35 2 6
7 1 1 40 1 3
8 5 2 20 2 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

DR NEENA SONDHI SLIDE 10-7

Code book formulation

 Appropriate to the research objective

 Comprehensive
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 Mutually exclusive

 Single variable entry

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-8

Pre-Coding
DR NEENA SONDHI

closed-ended questions
 Dichotomous questions:
Do you eat ready-to-eat food? Yes=1; no=0 (X-1)
 Ranking questions
Q.NO. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name
1. Balika Badhu Number from 1-10 X 10a
2. Sathiya Number from 1-10 X 10b
3. Sasural Genda Phool Number from 1-10 X 10c
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

4. Bidai Number from 1-10 X 10d

5. Pathshala Number from 1-10 X 10e
6. Bandini Number from 1-10 X 10f
7. Laptaganj Number from 1-10 X 10g
8. Sajan Ghar Jaaana Hai Number from 1-10 X 10h
9. Tere Liye Number from 1-10 X 10i
10. Uttaran Number from 1-10 X 10j

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-9

Pre-Coding
DR NEENA SONDHI

Closed-ended questions
 Checklists/multiple responses
How many columns will you make for the following
question?
Which of the following newspapers do you read (tick all that you read)

Times of India --------------------

DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

Hindustan Times ---------------------

Mail Today ----------------------
Indian Express ---------------------
Deccan Chronicle ---------------------
Asian Age ----------------------
Mint ----------------------.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-10
Pre-Coding
DR NEENA SONDHI

Closed-ended questions
Scaled questions
Col.no. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name
1. Individual shops more A number from 1 to 5 X 1a
SA = 5, A = 4, N = 3, D =
2, SD = 1
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

2. Well informed - do - X 1b
3. Knows what to buy - do - X 1c
4. More spending money - do - X 1d
5. More shopping options - do - X 1e

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-11
Sample code book extract
DR NEENA SONDHI

Symbol
Question used for
Variable Name Coding Instruction
No. variable
name
Yes = 1
1. Buy ready to eat food products X1
No = 0
Yes = 1
2. Use ready to eat food products X2
No = 0
Less than 20 yrs = 1,
21 to 26 years = 2,
22. Age 27 to 35 years = 3, X22
36 to 45 years = 4,
More than 45 years = 5
Male = 1
23. Gender X23
Female = 2
Single = 1
24. Marital status Married = 2 X24
Divorced/widow = 3
25. No. of children Exact no. to be written X25
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

One to two = 1,
26. Family size Three to five = 2, X26
Six & more = 3
Rs.20000 to Rs.34999 = 1,
Rs.35000 to Rs.50000 = 2,
27. Monthly household income X27
Rs.50001 to Rs.74999 = 3
Rs.75000 & above = 4
Less than graduation = 1
28. Education Graduation = 2 X28
Post graduation & above = 3
Student = 1
Businessman = 2
Professional = 3
29. Occupation X29
Service = 4
Housewife = 5
Others = 6

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-12
Post-Coding
DR NEENA SONDHI

Open-ended questions
If you think Lean was a success so far, please specify
three most significant reasons that have contributed to its
success in your opinion?
Col.no. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name

63. Improvement at work place by eliminating waste. Yes = 1 X 63a

No = 0
64 To meet increasing demands of customers Yes = 1 X 63b
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

No = 0
65 To improve quality Yes = 1 X 63c
No = 0
66 To achieve corporate goal Yes = 1 X 63d
No = 0
67 It reduces cycle time of the manufacturing & production. Yes = 1 X 63e
No = 0
68 Reduced response time Yes = 1 X 63f
No = 0
69 Enhanced innovation and creativity Yes = 1 X 63g
No = 0

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-13

Classification and tabulation of data

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 Classification by attributes: mostly categorical

 Classification by class intervals: this could be

exclusive or inclusive
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 Tabulation: arrangement of data into an orderly

arrangement of rows and columns in order to subject it
to statistical analysis

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-14

Exploratory data analysis

DR NEENA SONDHI

Sample characteristics: age group of the sample

Age groups frequency percent

20-25 27 27.0
26-30 37 37.0
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

31-35 9 9.0
36-40 22 22.0
41-45 3 3.0
46 & above 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-15

Exploratory data analysis

DR NEENA SONDHI

pie charts
Age Group

20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46 & Above
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-16

Exploratory data analysis

DR NEENA SONDHI

bar charts
Age Group

40

30
Frequency

20
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

10

0
20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46 & Above

Age Group

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-17
Exploratory data analysis
DR NEENA SONDHI

histograms
Histogram

6
Frequency

4
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

Mean =18.3553
Std. Dev. =6.55777
0
N =15
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
purchase in gms

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

 SLIDE 10-18
Exploratory data analysis
DR NEENA SONDHI

stem and leaf diagrams

Purchase distribution of customers purchase of
gold jewellery

13 1339
15 668
16 36
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

17 37
18 2
22 2
31 0
35 6

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

DR NEENA SONDHI SLIDE 10-19

Statistical software packages

 MS EXCEL

 MINITAB

 System for Statistical Analysis(SAS)

DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

 Statistical Software for Social Sciences(SPSS)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES

DR NEENA SONDHI

END OF CHAPTER
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND CASES