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BREAKER
Fibrous Layer
Outside layer
Vascular Layer
Middle layer
Sensory Layer
Inside layer
Structure of the EYE: The fibrous layer
– SCLERA
- White connective tissue layer
- Seen anteriorly as “the white of the eye”
CORNEA
Transparent, central anterior portion
Allows for light to pass through
Structure of the Eyes: Vascular Layer
– Choroid
-is a blood rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye
-Pigment prevents lights from scattering
– Ciliary body-smooth muscle attached to lens that change the lens shape
Bipolar Neurons
Ganglion Neurons
Signals leave the retina toward the brain through the optic nerve
Optic disc( blind spot) is where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball
Structure of the Eyes: Sensory Layer
Rods
Most are found towards the edges of the retina
Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
Objects are seen in shades of gray not color
Contains pigment rhodopsin ( sensitive to light, it causes a rapid breakdown of
the pigment into its scotopsin and retinal components
Cones
Allow for detailed color vision
Densest in the center of the retina
Fovea centralis ( area of the retina with only cones )
Lens
– Biconvex crystal-like structure and flexible
– Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body
– Focuses image onto retina
– Changes lens thickness to allow light to be properly focused on
retina
Segments, or chambers of the eye
– Anterior Chamber
– Posterior Chamber
– Vitreous Segment
AQUEOS HUMOR
– Watery fluid found between lens and cornea
– Similar to blood plasma
– Helps maintain intraocular pressure
VITREOUS HUMOR
– Posterior to the lens
– Gel-like substance with fine fibrils
– Prevents the eye from collapsing
How do we see?
– For vison to occur:
An image must be formed on the retina to stimulate the
rods and cones
Interpretation occurs
Formation of a retinal image
– 4 processes focus light rays so that they form clear images
on the retina
1. Accommodation of the lens
2. Constriction of the pupils
3. Convergence of the eyes
Process of image formation on the retina
– 1. Refraction
-bending of light as medium changes to focus light
– 4. Convergence of eyes
-to focus both eyes on same object and provide vision
PATHWAY OF LIGHT THROUGH THE
EYE
– Myopia- (nearsighted)
distant object appear blurry
light from those objects fails to reach the retina
– Hyperopia(farsighted)
near objects are blurry while distant objects are clear
distant objects are focused on the retina
– Astigmatism
images are blurry
Results from light focusing as lens, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the
cornea or lens
– Correction
special senses with uneven curvature
– Cataracts
When lens becomes hard and opaque (color), our vision become hazy and distorted
Clouding of lens
Inadequate nutrient delivery to deeper lens fiber
Causes:
Diabetes, smoking, UV damage, age-related, thickening of lens
– Night blindedness
Inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night
Treatment:
Vitamin A supplements
– Color Blindness
Genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors
Due to the lack of one type of cone (partial color blindness)
More common in males
most common type
1. Red-green
2. Deficit or absence of of red or green cones
3. Seen as same color
Glaucoma
-can cause blinddness due to the increasing pressure in the eye