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Electric charge

• Charge can be positive or negative


Electric charge
• Atoms are composed of negatively-charged
electrons and positively-charged protons
Electric charge
• Charge is measured in Coulombs [unit: C]

• Proton and electron have equal and


opposite elementary charge = 1.6 x 10-19 C

• Charge on proton = +1.6 x 10-19 C

• Charge on electron = -1.6 x 10-19 C


Electric charge
• We now know that protons and neutrons
are made up of quarks with 2/3 and -1/3
charges (electrons are still fundamental)
Electric charge
• Charges feel electrostatic forces
Electric charge
• Rub a balloon on your hair and it will stick to things! Why??
Electrostatic force
• The strength of the electrostatic force between
two charges q1 and q2 is given by Coulomb’s law

𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑒

𝑘 = 9 × 109 𝑁 𝑚2 𝐶 −2
• The direction of the force is along the joining line
Electrostatic force
Example
Two 0.5 kg spheres are placed 25 cm apart. Each sphere has a
charge of 100 μC, one of them positive and the other negative.
Calculate the electrostatic force between them, and compare it to
their weight.
𝑘 |𝑞1 | |𝑞2 | 9 2 −2
Coulomb’s Law: 𝐹 = 2 𝑘 = 9 × 10 𝑁 𝑚 𝐶
𝑟
|𝑞1 | = |𝑞2 | = 100 𝜇𝐶 = 100 × 10−6 𝐶 = 10−4 𝐶
𝑟 = 25 𝑐𝑚 = 0.25 𝑚
9 × 109 × 10−4 × 10−4
𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 2
= 1440 𝑁
0.25
𝐹𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 = 0.5 × 9.8 = 4.9 𝑁
|-

Electrostatic force
Example
Two protons are 3.6 nm apart. What is the total force on an
electron located on the line between them, 1.2 nm from one of
the protons? (elementary charge e=1.6 x 10-19 C)

q=+e q=-e q=+e

r1=1.2 nm=r r2=2.4 nm=2r

𝑘 |𝑞1 ||𝑞2 | 𝑘 𝑒 2 𝑘 |𝑞1 ||𝑞2 | 𝑘 𝑒2


|𝐹1 | = 2
= 2 |𝐹2 | = 2
=
𝑟1 𝑟 𝑟2 (2𝑟)2

𝑘𝑒 2 𝑘𝑒 2 3𝑘𝑒 2 3 × 9 × 109 × 1.6 × 10−19 2


𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 2 − 2 = = = 0.12 𝑛𝑁
𝑟 4𝑟 4𝑟 2 4 × 1.2 × 10−9 2

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