HYDROLOGY & WATER MANAGEMENT

(CE-314)

Engr. Hassan Khan

Lecturer CED, SUIT, Peshawar
 LECTURE # 1

Lecture Contents

 Introduction to Hydrology
 Origin & history of Hydrology
 Branches of Hydrology
 Hydrological Cycle

Engr. Hassan Khan

Lecturer CED, SUIT, Peshawar
 Hydrology
Origin

Interaction
with living Occurrence
organisms

Water Hydrology
Properties Circulation

Distribution

OR
 The study of water in all its forms (rain, snow and water on the earth’s surface,
etc.), and from its origins to all its destinations on the earth is called hydrology.

 Hydrology is an essential field of science since everything from tiny organisms

to individuals, to societies, to the whole of civilization - depends so much on
water.
 What we study in Hydrology
 In hydrology we study Hydrologic cycle, its processes, water
balance, precipitation types, estimation of precipitation, and
analysis of precipitation data.

 We also study infiltration phenomena, solution of the Richard’s

equation and approximate infiltration models.

 Methods of measurement of stream flow, stage discharge

relation, unit hydrograph theory, Transposition of Hydrograph,
Synthesis of hydrograph from basin characteristics, stream flow
routing, flood frequency analysis and attenuation of flood flows
are also studied in Hydrology.
 Origin of Hydrology
 It was along the Indus in Pakistan, the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia,
the Hwang Ho in China, and the Nile in Egypt that the first hydraulic engineers
created canals, dams, subsurface water conduits, and wells as early as 5000-6000 years
ago.
 Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's
equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, the Pitot tube etc.
 The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law,
the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's capillary flow
equation.
 Jacqui (1987) traced the history of hydrology to ancient China and postulated three
stages of the development of the study of hydrology.
1. Stage of geographical hydrology
2. Stage of engineering hydrology
3. Stage of social development
Stages in the history of Hydrology

1. Stage of geographical hydrology

 Establishment of hydrological cycle and concept of water
balance

2. Stage of engineering hydrology

 Design of control structures and quantitative analysis of
hydrological phenomena

3. Stage of social development

 It is the stage in which the water demand is more and large scale
of use of water resources is occurring.
 Coupled with the development of new techniques brought about a
new stage of water resources involving resource analysis and
management
 Branches of Hydrology

Hydrology can generally be divided into two main

branches:

Engineering Hydrology
 Planning, design and Operation of Engineering Projects for the control and
use of water

Pure Hydrology
 Hydrological cycle, precipitation, runoff, relationship between
precipitation and runoff, hydrographs, Flood Routing
 Branches of Hydrology (cont.)
Hydrology can be divided into the following branches

 Chemical Hydrology: Study of chemical characteristics of water

 Ecohydrology: Interaction between organisms and the hydrological

cycle

 Hydrogeology: Also referred to as geohydrology, is the study of the

presence and movement of ground water

 Hydroinformatics: is the adaptation of information technology to

hydrology and water resource applications
 Branches of Hydrology (cont.)

 Surface water Hydrology: is the study of hydrologic processes that

operate at or near earth’s surface

 Ground water Hydrology: is the study of underground water

 Drainage basin management: covers water storage in the form

of reservoir and flood protection

 Water quality: includes the chemistry of water in rivers & lakes

 Isotope Hydrology: is the study of isotropic signatures of water

(origin and age of water)
 Application of Hydrology
 Determining the water balance of a region

 Determining the agricultural water balance

 Flood forecasting and flood warnings

 Designing bridges

 Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation

 Designing sewers and urban drainage system

 Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity

 Hydrological cycle
Hydrological cycle also known as Water cycle or H₂O
cycle, describes the Continuous Movement of water on,
above and below the surface of the earth.
Hydrological cycle (cont.)
 Hydrological cycle (cont.)
The main processes involved in hydrological cycle are

Evaporation: The act or process of converting or changing water into vapor form with the
application of heat.
Condensation: The act or process of reducing a gas or vapor to a liquid or solid state
(sublimation).
Precipitation: The process by which atmospheric moisture falls onto a land or water
surface as rain, snow, hail, or other forms of moisture.
Interception: The process of storing rain or snow on leaves and branches which eventually
evaporates back to the air.
Infiltration: The penetration of water through the ground surface into sub-surface soil
Percolation: The movement of water downward and radially through subsurface soil
layers, usually continuing downward to ground water.
Transpiration: The process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living
plants.
Runoff: Drainage or flood discharge that leaves an area as surface flow or as pipeline flow.
 Hydrological cycle (cont.)

Evaporation
Transportation

Runoff Interception Infiltration &

Percolation Condensation

Precipitation

Videos\The Water Cycle - YouTube. FLV

 Hydrological cycle (cont.)
Advantages:

 This Hydrological Cycle recycles the earth’s valuable

water supply. In other words, the water keeps getting
reused over and over.

 Provides water for our population, animals and plants.

 Evaporation and infiltration help to remove impurities from

water.

 Provides fish to eat.

 Water in that glass could have been a liquid, a solid, and a

gas countless times over thanks to the water cycle.
 Hydrological cycle (cont.)
Disadvantages:

 Cannot add or remove water from the system.

 Acid rain.

 The water can end up in the flood place, causes flood

to occur.
 Assignment # 1

 List the major hydraulic projects in Pakistan. What

are the specific hydrologic problems with each
project?

Submission date: Wednesday 12th April

References cited
 Hydrology for Engineers by Linsely, Kohler, Paulhus

 Applied Hydrology by Dr. Abdur Razzaq Ghumman

 Class Notes & Power Point Presentation