UNIT-I

Computer Organization and Instructions

1
 Basic Operational Concept

× The basic function of computer is to execute program

× Program- Set of instructions
× Instructions stored in the computer memory
× Instructions are executed to process data which is loaded into
the computer memory through input unit
× After processing the data, the result is either stored back into
the computer memory
× It is sent to the outside world through the output unit.
× All functional units of the computer contribute to execute a program
Input Unit
Memory Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Control Unit
Output Unit
× To perform execution of instruction, the processor contains a number of
registers used for temporary storage of data and some special function
registers.
 Special function registers

× Program Counter (PC)

× It keep track of address of which instruction is being
executed and what the next instruction will be.

× Instruction Register (IR)

× Holds the instruction that is currently being
executed.
× Control unit takes the instruction for IR.
 Special function registers

× Memory Address Register (MAR) and Memory Data Register

(MDR)
× Used to handle data transfer between the main memory
and the processor.
× MAR holds the address of main memory to or from which
data is to be transferred.
× MDR / MBR (Memory Buffer Register) contains data to be
written into or read from the main memory.
 Special function registers

× General Purpose Registers

× Used to hold the operands for arithmetic
and logic operations and to store the result
of the operation.
 Execution of Program

× PC

× PC contents to MAR

× MAR to memory ( instruction memory) and generate

Read Control Signal

× Instruction from instruction memory to MDR

× Ready for execution

× Operation performed by ALU

× Operands is available in general purpose registers.

× If not, it is reside in memory (data memory)
× Fetch by sending its address to MAR and initiating
Read signal
× Operand from data memory to MDR and MDR to
ALU.
× ALU perform operation and stores the result either
in GPR or in memory
× If memory, result sent to MDR and address of
memory location to MAR and write signal initiated.
× During these process, PC incremented to point the
next instruction. Parallel process.
 Interrupt & Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)

× I/O devices needs the service when processor

executes some instructions.
× So system should give response to devices
request.
× Device sent to interrupt signal to processor.
× Processor pause the current execution and
provide the service.
× Store data before service and Restore data
after service.