Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
O AO AO
O AO AO
Blood Groups
Genotypes A O
B AB BO
O AO OO
Parentage Testing
Codominant traits are useful.
Two types of exclusions
Direct
Indirect
Direct Exclusion
Genetic marker present in child absent from
mother and alleged father
Child A
Mother O
Father O
The A gene MUST have come from the “real”
father as both parents are O.
Indirect Exclusion
Genetic markers are absent from the child that
should be transmitted by the alleged father
Child Fy(a+b=) = Fya/Fya
Mother Fy(a+b=) = Fya/Fya
Father Fy(a=b+) = Fyb/Fyb
Child should have inherited Fyb from dad but it is
not there.
Indirect because absence could be due to some rare
Fy genes that cause suppression of expression of Fy.
Dad may really be heterozygous Fy/fy and child
inherited the fy gene making it appear homozygous.
Parentage Testing
Direct exclusions much better.
DNA testing now the “gold standard”, very
cheap and relatively fast.
Population Genetics
Important when attempting to find compatible blood.
Phenotype frequencies performed by testing a
population and determining frequency of presence
and absence of certain alleles.
Phenotype frequencies should be 100%
Jka+ = 77%
Jka- = 23%
23% of the population would be compatible for a patient
with Jka antibodies.
Population Genetics
Some patients have antibodies against
MULTIPLE antigens.
Knowing the frequency of each antigen
allows one to calculate the number of units
which would need to be screened to find
antigen negative blood.
Performed by multiplying the percentages of
each antigen negative allele.
Population Genetics
Must be able to perform calculation on next Exam.
The following frequencies are found: