MUSCULOSKELETAL

SYSTEM
Dr. Dipti Ramani
INTRODUCTION
The musculoskeletal system
• human skeleton
 bones,
 ligaments,
 tendons,
 cartilage

• muscles.
• The skeleton
 scaffold by providing support and protection
• Bones
• basic structure of human body
• ability for movement.
• bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells.
• storage sites for calcium and phosphate.
• Joints have bones coming together. Different types of joints provide
different range of movements.
BONES

complex • Cells
living • protein fibers,
organ • and minerals.
 Classification of bones by shape
• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Pneumatized
bones
• Sesamoid bones

(Short bones include sesmoid bones)

• Skeletal System Anatomy
• adult body: 206 individual bones.
1. the axial skeleton
2. the appendicular skeleton.
• The axial skeleton runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up
of 80 bones in the following regions:
• Skull
• Hyoid
• Auditory ossicles
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Vertebral column
• The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones in the following
regions:
• Upper limbs
• Lower limbs
• Pelvic girdle
• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Chemical composition of bones

Cells, matrix of
collagen fibers
and ground
substance

Mineral
Small
crystals
amount of
(inorganic:
water
65%)
Factors regulating bone growth

Vitamin D

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcitonin

Growth hormone & thyroid hormone

Sex hormones
Skeletal System Physiology

Support and
Protection

Movement

Hematopoiesis

Storage

Growth and
Development
Terms (examples)
• chondro refers to cartilage
• chondrocyte
• endochondral
• perichondrium
• osteo refers to bone
• osteogenesis
• osteocyte
• periostium
• blast refers to precursor cell or one that produces
something
• osteoblast
• cyte refers to cell
• osteocyte
Cartilage

• More prevalent in embryo than in

adult
• Skeleton initially mostly cartilage
• Bone replaces cartilage in fetal and
childhood periods
 Location of cartilage in adults
• External ear
• Nose
• “Articular” – covering the ends of
most bones and movable joints
• “Costal” – connecting ribs to
sternum
• Larynx - voice box
• Epiglottis – flap keeping food out
of lungs
• Cartilaginous rings holding open
the air tubes of the respiratory
system (trachea and bronchi)
• Intervertebral discs
• Pubic symphysis
• Articular discs such as meniscus
in knee joint
Locations of the different kinds of cartilage
Disorders of cartilage and bone
• Defective collagen
• Numerous genetic disorders
• eg. Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bones) – AD
(autosomal dominant)
• eg. Ehlers-Danlos (rubber man)
• Defective endochondral ossification
• eg. Achondroplasia (short –limb dwarfism) - AD
• Inadequate calcification (requires calcium and
vitamin D)
• Osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults
• Rickets in children
Note: “AD” here means
autosomal dominant inheritance
(continued)
• Pagets disease – excessive turnover, abnormal bone
• Osteosarcoma – bone cancer, affecting children primarily
• Ewings sarcoma-malingnant tumour
• Osteomyelitis-infection of bone
• Talipes-congenital foot deformity
• Exostosis- bony growth
• fracture
• Osteoporosis – usually age related, esp. females
• Low bone mass and increased fractures
• Resorption outpaces bone deposition
 Repair of bone fractures (breaks)

• Simple and compound fractures

• Closed and open reduction
Normal bone

Osteoporotic bone
JOINTS
Joint movements pics
(from Marieb, 4th ed.)
Disorders of joints
 Injuries
 Sprains
 Dislocations
 Torn cartilage
 Inflammatory and degenerative conditions
 Bursitis
 Tendinitis
 Arthritis
 Osteoarthritis (“DJD” – degenerative joint disease)
 Rheumatoid arthritis (one of many “autoimmune” arthritites)
 Gout (crystal arthropathy)
 Ankylosing spondylitis- stiffning of spine
Disorders of muscle

• Muscular dystrophy- muscle wasting

• Polymyositis- chronic inflammatory myopathy

THANK YOU