Doing

Bañares Dacutan Eler Galamiton

Philosop
Gallego Salgado
The meaning of philosophy

Etymologically, "Philosophy" comes

from the Greek words, philo, meaning
"to love" and sophia, meaning
"wisdom" originally meant, "love of
wisdom" and wisdom is the goal of
Philosophy.
FOUR THINGS TO CONSIDER
Science
Natural Light of Reason
Study of all Things
First Cause of Highest
Principle
 Principle of Identity
 Principle of Non-
Contradiction
 Principle of Excluded
Middle
However, as time goes by, the scope of
Philosophy changed. Early Greek
Philosophers studied aspects of the natural
and human world that later became seperate
sciences. Philosophy encounters certain basic
problems that have been their domain from
its beginning and to the present.
In attaining wisdom their is the need for
emptying. Emptying speaks for a change of
attention and perception. It is not a ness, nor a
noun and it has nothibg to do with
nothing.Emptying is an experience of all the
infinite movement of things, of world worlding,
undefinable, beyond theory, expectation, beyond
position, definition and priviledge
The Branches
of Philosophy
a. metaphysics

• An extension of a fundamental and necessary

drive in every human being to know what is
real
• Everything we experience is what we call
reality while everything else is “appearance”

• “Nothing we experience in the physical world

with our five senses is real” - Plato
B. Ethics
• Explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates
human action
• Philosophical ethics - attempts to provide an
account of our fundamental ethical ideas

Reflections, Meditations &

Conversations that Rocked the.
World:
• What constitutes a Human Person
• To be happy a person has to live a virtuos life.
• Du Bois believes that the blacks must assert themselves
in the African-American community. He put his ideas into
political actions and helped organize various initiatives
for the advancement of the colored people, published
researches and taught in Atlanta University.
Circle
Thesis
(white oppression)

Triangle
Antithesis
(Black Soul)

Circle inside a triangle

Synthesis
(Blacks Consciousness of Freedom)
Womens Equal Rights

• In a book by Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of

the Rights of Woman (1792), dictated that women
were to be more than just wives and caretakers;
they were to educate children, and to act not as
slaves to their husbands, but as companions
(Rifkins, 2009)
C. Epistemology

• Deals with nature, sources, limitations,

and validity of knowledge (Soccio, 2007)

Explains:
1. how we know what we claim to know;
2. how we can find out what we wish to
know; and
3. how we can differentiate truth from
falsehood
• Induction - method of believing that general
ideas are formed form the examination of
particular facts.
• Empiricism - view that knowledge can be
attained only through sense experience.
• Deduction - method of finding a general law
according to which particular facts can be
understood or judged.
• Rationalism - view appealing to reason as a
source of knowledge or justification
• Pragmatism - approach that assesses the
truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in
terms of the success of their practical
D. Logic
• The term "logic" comes from the Greek word logike
which means a treatise on matters pertaining to
the human thought.
• Its concern is the truth or the validity of our
arguments regarding such objects.
• Aristotle was the first philosopher to devise a
logical method. He drew upon the emphasis on the
"universal" in Socrates, negation in Parmides and
Plato, and the reduction to the absurd of Zeeno of
Elea.
• Zeno of Citium is one of the successors of Aristotle.

• Other more influential authors of logic then are

Cicero, Porphyry and Boethius,in the later Roman
Empire; the Byzantine scholar --Philoponus and Al-
Farabi, Avicenna and Averroes in the Arab world.
e. aesthetic

• science of the beautiful in its various

manifestations - including the sublime, comic,
tragic, pathetic, and ugly
Importance:
1. It vitalizes our knowledge
2. It helps us to live more deeply
and richly
3. It brings us in touch with our
culture
• Hans-Georg Gadamer, a German philosopher,
argues that our tastes and judgements regarding
beauty, work in connection with one’s own
personal experience and culture. That is why a
“dialog” or conversation is important in
interpreting works of art (White, 1991)
• Conversation and understanding involve coming to
an agreement. In this sense, all understanding is,
according to Gadamer, interpretative and insofar as
all interpretation, involves the exchange between
the familiar and the alien, so all interpretation is
also translative.
Why
Why Become
Become a a Philosopher?
Philosopher? On
On
Attaining
Attaining a
a Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Outlook
Outlook in Life
One of the key elements in many
educational reforms is diversity, difference,
and choice or other proposals that establish
separate curricular routes for different groups
or individuals (Castells et. Al. 1999).
Sometimes, we have difficulty in accepting
others because they are different from us.
This section introduces the various
viewpoints of philosophy: the western
and non-western, with emphasis on our
very own Filipino indigenous beliefs and
finally, going beyond the logical and the
technological imperatives of existence.
Expanding
Expanding our
our Philosophical
Philosophical Frames:
Frames:
Western
Western and
and Non-Western
Non-Western Traditions
Traditions
Many philosophers hold that there are three
great original centers of philosophy in the world-
Greek (or Western), Indian, and Chinese. All
three arose as critical reflections on their own
cultural traditions. Historically speaking, Asian
classics of the Indians and the Chinese predate
the oldest of Western classics. Indian and
Chinese philosophers of note also lived earlier
 From the time of the Greek triumvirate (Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle), there was a reversal. The
Western thinkers started to indulge in feverish
philosophical speculation, whereas the Asian thinkers
began diminishing philosophical activity. (Quito, 1991)
There are multiple cultures and there are different
types of states in terms of modern economic
modernization (Nye, 2013). Certainly, the culture of
the “East” is very different from that of the “West”
(primarily Europe and North America), but that does
not mean each culture is incapable of understanding
 For Quito, there are three attitudinal
imperatives that we must bear in mind if
we are to appreciate either Oriental or
Eastern thought vis-a-vis the Occidental
or Western mindset to situate them in
•their proper
In contrast to theperspective:
propensity of the West to think in a linear
manner, that is, in terms of beginning and ending, in a
straight line, Oriental thought runs in a circular manner in
which the end conjoins the beginning in a cyclic style. In a
manner of speaking, nothing actually begins absolutely or
ends absolutely. A man may have been born at a precise
time and may have died at a precise time but it cannot be
said that his existence congealed at a specific time, and
when he dies, his life continues in another form. This is in
• The attitudinal imperative is the assumption
that the East does not make a rigorous
distinction between religion and philosophy.
Basic philosophical concepts are shrouded
in religious beliefs and myths. In the East,
Philosophy is Religion and Religion is
Philosophy. The Oriental does not cut off
philosophy that is thought, from religion
that is life in action.
Life for Oriental thinkers is a translation of
thought; it is philosophy in action. Orientals
believe that life must be the extension of
thought, its fruit, and its application. For Quito
(1991), it is not accurate to judge that Asia is
poor because of religion. Rather, it is poor
because it cannot accept the polarization of
division of theory and practice, of philosophy
and religion, of its way of thinking and its way
• The third attitudinal imperative is the
acceptance of the validity of intuition
and mysticism, readiness to revert to
extra logical, if not illogical modes of
thinking.
 EAST
 The main principle of the Eastern philosophy is unity.
 Eastern philosophy is based mainly in Asia, more
specifically the Chinese philosophy.
 Eastern philosophy also thrives on virtues.
 Life becomes illusory if we attached ourselves to the
world.
 The distinction between the knower and the known is
essentially artificial.
 WEST
 Western philosophy is mainly used in the
Western parts of the world, such as in the
European countries.

 Western philosophy deals with Individualism.

 FILIPINO THINKING: From Local to Global

Loob: Holistic and Interior Dimensions

Kagandahang-loob, kabutihang-loob, and kalooban

are terms that show sharing of ones self to others.
The Filipino generally believes in the innate
goodness of human beings.
 FILIPINO THINKING: From Local to Global

Filipino Philosophy of Time

A human being is like a bird who flies up and goes
down- proves that believes in the Gulong ng Palad
(literally,”wheel of fortune”) and hence, look at life
as a serious of ups and downs(Timbreza 1992).
 FILIPINO THINKING: From Local to Global

Bahala Na

The Filipino subconsciously accepts the bahala na

attitude as a part of life. Bahala na literally means to
leave everything to God who is Bathala in the
vernacular. Thus, the Filipino accepts beforehand
whatever the outcome of his/her problem might be
(Mercado 2000).
Filipino Thoughts
: and Values:
Positive and Negative Aspects
1. Hospitality 7. Ningas-Kugon
2. Pakikipagkapwa-tao 8. Mañana Habit
3. Family Oriented 9. Balat Sibuyas
10. General Disregard
4. Katapatan
for Rules
5. Bayanihan
11. Colonial Mentality
6. Crab Mentality 12. Balikbayan Box
Mentality
• There was a concensus that Asia does
have a philosophical character all on its
own but it will not surface until local
philosopher dig to there own roots or
indigineous tribes.
 Gripaldo believes four important terms are
to be considered:
 
1. Replacing colonial consciousness with a nationalist consciousness
thereby doing away with colonial and crab mentality.
 
2. Creation of super industrial society
 
3. Utilazation of education as the means of realizing the image of
the future as super industrial society and;
 
4. Choosing not for one’s self but for all humanity, for the nation
as a whole.
• Eventually, Gripaldo argues that once
the Philippines will economically
strong, we will transcend from
nationalism to internationalism then
globalism as the main goal.
Philosophy: Transcending and Aiming for
aAbundance
Life of Abundance
comes form the Latin word, “abundare”
which means to “overflow non-stop”.
 
Abundance is not what we gather but what we
scatter.
 
Abundance is equated with materialism, but it is when
we raise our empty hands and surrender, when we do
not grab, when we are unattached to anything or
anyone, when we offer oneself, all these are
abundance.
Abundance is not what we hold but what we share.
 
Abundance comes to the one who has money and
heart, money and values, money and relationships,
money and deeper happiness.
 
Abundance is more of an effort of the heart than mind
alone.
Abundance is a choice, which translates to
commitment, determination and perseverance.
 
Abundance is to evolve into a higher being. 
It becomes clear that the concept of abundance
covers both external and internal life.

Thus, to live in abundance means evolving into

a higher being in following one’s mission; a
deliberate or conscious desire to act upon what
can make us and others happy.