Advanced

Computer Networks

1.1
 Introduction

 Overview of computer networks

1.2
 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

• The word data refers to :

Information presented in whatever form, agreed upon by
the parties creating and using the data.
• Data communications are
The exchange of data between two devices via some form
of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
• The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance.

1.3
 Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

1.4
 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.5
 1-2 NETWORKS
• A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by communication
links.
• A node can be :
a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.

Network Criteria
Performance:
• Including transit time and response time.
Transit Time: Amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to
another.
Response Time: The elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.

1.6
 The performance of a network depends on a number of factors, Including
• The number of users,
• The type of transmission medium,
• The capabilities of the connected hardware, and
• The efficiency of the software.
Two networking metrics: throughput and delay:

Reliability:
frequency of failure,
the time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and network's robustness

Security:
protecting data from unauthorized access, damage and development,
Implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data
losses.

1.7
 Physical Structures:
Type of Connection:
• A network is two or more devices connected through links.
(A link is a communications pathway that transfers data from one device to another.)
There are two possible types of connections:
point-to-point and Multipoint.
Point-to-point connection: Provides a dedicated link between two devices.
• The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission

• Use an actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends,

• Other options, such as microwave or satellite links, are also possible

e.g. When you change television channels by infrared remote control, you are
establishing a point-to-point connection.

1.8
 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.9
 Multipoint (multidrop) Connection: is one in which more than two specific
devices share a single link.

• the capacity of the channel is shared.

Physical Topology:

• The way in which a network is laid out physically.

• It is geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking

devices

• There are four basic topologies possible: Mesh Topology

Star Topology ,
Bus Topology , and
Ring Topology
1.10
 Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.11
 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.12
 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.13
 Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.14
 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.15
 Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.16
 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.17
 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.18
 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

1.19
 Need And Evolution Of Computer Networks:
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives.
• The way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time.

• Electronic mail, paying a utility bill,

• reading a newspaper from a distant city, or looking up a local movie schedule.

• Researching a medical topic, booking a hotel reservation,

• chatting with a fellow Trekkie, or comparison-shopped for a car.

• The Internet is a communication system that has

brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

1.20
 A Brief History:

• In the mid-1960s, mainframe computers in research organizations were

standalone devices.

• Computers from different manufacturers were unable to communicate with one

another.

• In 1967, at an Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) meeting,

• ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, a small network of connected
computers.
• Each host computer (not necessarily from the same manufacturer) would be
attached to a specialized computer,
called an inteiface message processor (IMP).
• The IMPs, in turn, would be connected to one another.
• Each IMP had to be able to communicate with other IMPs as well as with its own
attached host.

1.21
 • By 1969, ARPANET was a reality.

• Four nodes, at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA),

the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB),

Stanford Research Institute (SRI),

and the University of Utah,

were connected via the IMPs to form a network.

• Software called the Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication

between the hosts.

• Cerf and Kahn's landmark 1973 paper outlined the protocols to achieve end-to-
end delivery of packets.

• This paper on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) included concepts such as

encapsulation, the datagram, and the functions of a gateway.
1.22
 • Shortly thereafter, authorities made a decision to split TCP into two protocols:

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and

• Internetworking Protocol (lP).

• IP would handle datagram routing

• while TCP would be responsible for higher-level functions such as segmentation,

reassembly, and error detection.

• The internetworking protocol became known as TCPIIP.

1.23
 The Internet Today:

• Not a simple hierarchical structure.

• Made up of many wide- and local-area networks

joined by connecting devices and switching stations.

• Continually changing-new networks are being added, existing networks are

adding addresses, and networks of defunct companies are being removed.

• Most end users who want Internet connection use the services of Internet
service providers (lSPs).

• There are international service providers, national service providers, regional

service providers, and local service providers.

• The Internet today is run by private companies, not the government.

1.24
1.25
Networking Devices : Introduction
•Networking devices hold the key to generate
a network through which communication can
occur.
•These devices are responsible smooth data
transmission among different nodes of same
network and/or nodes of different network.
•There are five basic devices which are used
for data transmission. These are:

1.26
 1. Networking Devices : Bridge
•Bridge is a device which is used for
connecting similar or dissimilar Local Area
Networks(LANs).
•It’s concept is based upon store and
forward technology.
•By connecting different LANs, it can
expand the geographical are of a network.
•A bridge consists of two ports and
different LANs can be connected through
these ports.
•Bridges amplifies the signals and filter the
data packets as required.
1.27
1.28
 2. Networking Devices : Router
•A router is a device which is used for
connecting similar and dissimilar networks.
•In any network whenever data transmission
occurs, it is done through a series of nodes
that are connected from source to
destination.
• The shortest path to transmit the data from
source to destination is called as route and
this process is called as routing and this is
achieved using routers.
•Routers are combination of software and
hardware. A simple network connected
through router is depicted below.
1.29
If node N3 wants to transmit data to node N11,
it will be transmitted through routers with the
shortest path possible.

1.30
 3. Networking Devices : Gateway
•Gateway is another network device which
is used for connecting networks with
different types of architectures.
• For Example : Communication between a
mobile device having 4G connection and
landline device having 2G connection can
be done using gateway.

1.31
 4. Networking Devices : HUBs
A HUB is a multi-port repeater in which,
signals received at a port and floods out
that signal to all other ports connected to
the devices except the one that originated
the signal.

1.32
 5. Networking Devices : Repeater
In all communication channels, signals get
week after they travel some particular
amount of distance. So it is necessary to
boost up these week signals, which is done
with the help of repeaters.

1.33
6. Networking Devices : Modem
•Modem is a combinatory network device
consisting of Modulator and De-modulator.
•It is a type of signal converter.
•Modem is responsible for converting
analog to digital signals and/or digital to
analog signal. This process is called
modulation.
•It allow transmission of analog data signals
to digital data signals from landline
telephone cables to computers.

1.34
 •The data packets are segmented into
smaller packets and are transmitted
through the medium.
•Modem restructure those smaller data
packets before receiver receives it.

1.35