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FUNGSI

SISTEM SARAF OTONOM

Kuliah Pengantar Blok 1.2. Sistem Organ 1 TA 2016/2017


Autonomic Nervous System
A. Comparison of somatic and autonomic
nervous systems
B. Anatomy of autonomic motor pathways
1. Overview
a. Preganglionic neurons
b. Autonomic ganglia
c. Postganglionic neurons
C. Physiological effects of the ANS
1. ANS neurotransmitters
2. Parasympathetic and sympathetic
responses
The ANS regulates the activities of cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
Structurally, the ANS consists of two main
components:
1. visceral afferent neurons
2. visceral efferent neurons

Functionally, the ANS operates:


1. without conscious control
2. reflex arc dependent
3. medulla and hypothalamus
Comparison of Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems
Comparison of Somatic and
Autonomic Efferent Pathways
Overview of Autonomic
Pathways
Preganglionic neuron

first of the two autonomic motor


neurons
cell body located in gray matter of
spinal cord or brain
preganglionic axon passes from the
CNS in a spinal or cranial nerve
axon terminates in a ganglion
Overview of Autonomic
Pathways
Ganglion

collection of nerve cell bodies located in


a specific site outside the CNS
cell bodies give rise to postganglionic
neurons
Overview of Autonomic
Pathways
Postganglionic neuron

second of the two autonomic motor


neurons
cell body located in ganglion
postganglionic axon passes from the
ganglion to the effector
peripheral effector is either stimulated or
inhibited
Sympathetic Nervous System
1. lateral gray horns (T1-L2)
2. thoracolumbar outflow
3. ganglia
a. sympathetic trunk
(paravertebral)
b. Prevertebral (collateral)
4. preganglionic axons short
5. postganglionic axons long
Parasympathetic Nervous System

1. lateral gray horns (S2-4)


2. cranial gray matter
(III, VII, IX, X)
3. craniosacral outflow
4. preganglionic axons long
5. postganglionic axons short
Physiological Effects of ANS
1. dual (duel?) innervation
2. different neurotransmitters
3. parasympathetic tone
Neurotransmitter of the ANS
Cholinergic Neurons Adrenergic Neurons
– Release Acetylcholine – Release
Cholinergic Receptors Norepinephrine
– Nicotinic receptors
Adrenergic Receptors
Excitatory
– Alpha receptors
Opens Na+ and K+
channels Excitatory
– Muscarinic receptors – Beta receptors
Excitatory or Excitatory or
Inhibitory Inhibitory
Uses G-proteins to
open specific ion
channels
Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the
Autonomic Nervous System
Effects of the ANS

The sympathetic division generally


produces a whole body response when
stimulated.
– The overall function of the sympathetic
division is the fight or flight response.
The parasympathetic division generally
produces a single response at a specific
effector organ.
– The overall function of the parasympathetic
division is rest and repair.
Sympathetic System
1. energy expenditure system
2. fight-or-flight response
3. dominates parasympathetic NS
Parasympathetic System
1. energy conservation-restoration
system
2. rest-and-recovery
3. dominates sympathetic NS
Visceral sensory system

Gives sensory input to


autonomic nervous system

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Visceral sensory neurons
Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical
changes and
stretch in the visceral organs
– Brain interprets as hunger, fullness, pain, nausea
Receptors widely scattered – localization poor
Visceral sensory fibers run within autonomic nerves,
especially vagus and sympathetic nerves
– Sympathetic nerves carry most pain fibers from
visceral organs of body trunk
Visceral pain is induced by stretching, infection and
cramping of internal organs but seldom by cutting
(e.g. cutting off a colon polyp)

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Referred pain: important to know
Plus left shoulder,
from spleen

Pain in visceral organs is


often perceived to be
somatic in
origin: referred
to somatic regions of
body that receive
innervation from the
same spinal cord segments

Anterior skin areas to which pain is


referred from certain visceral organs
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Visceral sensory and autonomic neurons
participate in visceral reflex arcs

Many are spinal reflexes such as defecation


and micturition
reflexes

Some only
involve peripheral
neurons: spinal
cord not involved
(not shown)*
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Central control of the Amygdala: main limbic
region for emotions
Autonomic NS
-Stimulates sympathetic
activity, especially previously
learned fear-related behavior
-Can be voluntary when
decide to
recall frightful experience -
cerebral cortex acts through
amygdala
-Some people can regulate
some autonomic activities by
gaining extraordinary control
over their emotions

Hypothalamus:
main integration center

Reticular formation:
most direct influence
over autonomic
function
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