KELOMPOK 4A

FATHONI AKBAR (1810311045)

FINO NAUVALINO (1810313024)
SALSA OKTARIN LETMI (1810311022)
ULYA FATHARANI (1810311040)
SAVIRA DEWITA JUNAIDI (1810313061)
SALSABILAH FIRDAUSIAH (1810313045
MAYA AMANDA (1810313002)
NABILA KHOIRUNNISA (1810312110)
BETTI ENDANG SUTRISNA (1810319001)
RIZKI APRILIA BIWARNO (1810312053)
MUHAMMAD HAFIZH ABRAR (1510311125)
EMBRYOGENESIS OF
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Zygote develops into the inner cell mass and
trophoblast.

trofoblast
inner cell mass
The inner cell mass develops into a fetus, through the formation of 3 primary fetal
layers, namely ectoderm, mesoderm, and entoderm.

yoksak

yoksak
Mesoderm develops to form
vulnerable; bone; palate
muscles, pharyngeal muscles,
and laryngeal muscles; network
connect. The bones are the
maxilla, the sphenoidal os
Entoderm differentiates into the
gastrointestinal mucosal
epithelium
The ektoderm for the differentiated
digestive tract becomes the lip
epidermal epithelium,
nandandularis which innervates
the skin and oral mucosa:
(pharyngeal nerve 1), n.7 which
innervates the facial and cheek
muscles, and the chewing
muscle (2nd pharyngeal nerve),
and n. 10, which supplies the
pharynx, (4th pharyngeal nerve)
 Clipping Fetal Discs.
amnion
• The trophoblast develops
to form amnion and
placental chorion.
• Innercellmass was
originally a dish
• Then bilateral fetal discs
occur, so that the shape
of the fetus becomes
rounded, and brings
some yoksak into the
fetal body into the yoksak
intestine.
khorion
 Development of the
digestive system.
Digestive arrangement is formed in
week 3-4 after fertilization,
(fertilization is the event of merging
ovum cells with sperm cells)
The respiration arrangement was initially
formed in the form of invagination
Gambar. Penglipatan cakram embrio pada
minggu ke- 2 sesudah fertisasi (clamping) of the ventral inner wall of
the simple intestine
Invagination is called the
trakheobronchial diverticulum The
base of this frontal invagination is
called the adiatus larynx
Simple Intestinum.
• At first the intestine formed is
called a simple intestine that
extends from head to tail.
• The simple intestine is divided
into the front simple intestine,
middle simple intestine, and
simple back intestin
 Foregut
Beginning when the mudigah is around 4 weeks old,
the respiratory diverticulum (pulmonary bud)
appears in the ventral wall of the front of the
intestine at the border with the pharynx.
Oesophagus
•
At first, the esophagus is short in
size, but with a drop in the heart
and lungs, the esophagus extends
rapidly
• The muscle layer, formed by the
splanchnic mesenchyme around
it, is striated in the upper two
thirds and is innervated by the
vagus nerve;
• the muscle layer is innocent in
the lower third and innervated by
the splanchnic plexus
Duodenum
• Ventral pancreatic bud and dorsal
pancreatic bud join
• Ventral pancreatic bud caput pancreas
• Dorsal pancreatic bud cauda pancreas
Major and minor pancreatic ducts are
formed
Liver & Gallbladder
• Week 3 protrusion of the endodermic epithelium at the
distal foregut end (liver diverticulum). Between the
diverticulum of the liver & the foregut narrows
the bile ductus and then forms a bulge to the directional
direction
 Midgut
• The 6th week occurs the first 90 degrees
of elongation and rotation during
herniation
• The 10 week, second rotation 90
degrees, return of intestine to
abdominal cavity On
• The 11 week of the third 90 degree
rotation, a cecal diverticulum is formed
and the hindgut rotates
 Hindgut
• Forms the distal third of the transverse colon,
descending colon, sigmoide colon, rectum, upper
anal canal
• The intestine enters the posterior region of the
cloaca (will anorectal canal), and the allantois
enters the region anterior (future urogenital sinus).
Septum urorektale will divide both these regions
and the split of the cloakal membrane that covers
the area this will make a connection to the outside
of the anus and urogenital sinus. Size abnormalities
in regions posterior cloaca shifts the anal opening
in the direction anterior, which causes atresia and
rectovaginal and rectourethral fistulas
ANATOMY OF DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
ORIS
PHARYNX
OESOPHAGUS
GASTER
INTESTINUM TENUE
INTESTINUM CRASSUM
SALIVA GLAND
HEPAR
VESICA FELLEA
PANCREAS
Abdominal Wall and Digestive
Organ Anatomy
Cavity of Abdomen
Region of Abdominal
Abdominal Line
Facies Abdominal
Muscle of Abdominal
Vessels of Abdominal Wall (1)
• 1. Aa. Intercostalis
• 2. Aa. Lumbalis
• 3. A. epigastrica superficialis
• 4. A.circumflexa ilium superficialis
• 5. A.epigastrica inf.
• 6. A.epigastrica sup.
Vessels of Abdominal Wall (2)
Abdominal Nerves
1. The front of the abdomen
– Nn.intercostalis VII-XII
– N.iliohypogastricus
– N.ilioinguinalis
2. The behind of the abdomen
– Post segmental nerve of the waist
– Several branches of the lumbar plexus
Digestivus Organ
Glands Around the Mouth
• Parotis Gland
• Sublingualis Gland
• Submandibularis Gland
Dentis
Lingual
Papillae of Lingual
Lingual
• Lingual has 2 categories of muscle
1. intrinsic muscle
2. extrinsic muscle
• Vessels of Lingual
-A. Lingualis, branch of A. Carotis Externa
• Lymphe Drainage of Lingual
-Nn.Ll. Submentales
-Nn Ll Submandibularis
-Nn Ll Cervicalis
• Nerves of Lingual
-2/3 anterior: N.Lingualis, N Chorda Tympani
-1/3 posterior and vallecula epigloticae: R.
Lingualis N IX
Hepar
• Ligamentum
Hepatis :
1. Lig. Falciforme
2. Lig. Teres Hepatis
3. Lig. Coronari
4. Lig. Triangular
5. Lig. Venosum
Arantii
 Vessels of Hepar

1. A. Hepatica Communis : 30%

2. 2. V. Porta : 70%
Vesica Felea
Pancreas
• Vessels of Pancreas
-A. lienalis
-caput pancreas : A. pancreatico
duodenalis superior dan inferior
• Nerves of Pancreas
- plexus coeliacus
HISTOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Histology Of
Gastrointestinal Tract
• Gastrointestinal tract
divided into two :
– Upper  cavum
oris – pharynx –
oesophagus –
gaster
– Lower 
intestinum tenue –
intestinum
crassum
• The upper and lower
tract separated by
ligamentum treitz
 Cavum Oris
Labium Oris
- Pars Cutanea = skin’s
epitel with hair folicle
- Pars Marginalis = skin’s
epitel without hair
folicle
- Pars intermedia = epitel
: squamous with less
ceratinized, much blood
vessels anastomose
- Pars mucosa : epitel :
squamose without
ceratine, have labialis
glands
 Lingua
• Lingualis Papille
• Part of dorsum lingua :
– Apex : more papilla filiformis
– Corpus
– Radix : linea semilunaris, tonsila
lingua, palatine tonsil, and voliate
papille (rudimenter in human)
– Filiformis Papille = more in apex,
ceratinized horn
– Fungiformis papille = much blood
vessels, less than filiformis papille
– Foliate Papille = lateral part of
lingua
– Circumvalata papille = the biggest
with taste buds in the lateral part
Tooth
• Part : corona, collum, radix
• hard part : substansia
adamantia and substansia
enamelum
• Soft part : pulpa dentis
• Cementum  closing the
radix part
• Processus alveolaris
• Membrana periodontalis
Digestivus tract Layers
• Membrana mucosa
– Epitel : collumnar, except oesophagus and anal
– Lamina propria : connective tissue
– Muscularis mucosa
• Tunica Submucosa : connective tissue
• Tunica Muscularis : Circuler and longitudinalis muscle,
between it  plexus myentericus
• Tunica adventitia/ serosa : connective tissue, mesotel.
 Oesophagus
25 cm long, mosf of
oesophagus part is in cavum thoracis
• Membrana mucosa • T. Submucosa :
– Epitel :squamose without
ceratine oesophageal gland
– Lamina propria : limphoid
tissue • T. Muscularis :
– Tunica muscularis : 200 um circular and
longitudinal muscle
longitudinal
muscles 1/3 upper
= skelet muscle, 1/3
middle = skelet to
smooth muscle, 1/3
lowest = smooth
muscles
Gaster
• Membrana mucosa
– Epitel : colummnar
without goblet cel,
foveolae
gastrica/rugae
– Lamina propria :
glandula gastrica
– T.musculatis mucosa
: smooth muscles
• T. Submucosa
• T. Muscularis : stratum
oblique,circular,and
longitudinal
• T. Serosa
• Chief cell  producting
pepsinogen, kuboid,
zymogen.
• Parietal cell 
producting HCl,
pyramidal, mithocondria
in sitoplasm
• Entero-endokrin cell 
producting histamin,
serotonin, and gastrin.,
pyramidal/small oval
Intestinum Tenue
• Membrana mucosa
– Epitel : colummnar with
mikrovili, vili
intestinales, and goblet
cells, and entero
endocrine cells.
– Lamina propria =
glandula
intestinalis/brunner in
duodenum, patch peyer
in ileum
• T. Submucosa ; plica
• T. Muscularis
– Circularis and
longitudinalis
muscles, plexus
myentericus for
peristaltic
movements of
intestinum
• T. Serosa :
peritoneum
visceral, mesotel
Intestinum Crassum
• Colon  haustra, taenia
coli,
– Membrana mucosa :
none plika circularis
and villus intestinalis,
epitel : columnar with
goblet cells, lamina
propria : limphoid
tissue
– T. Submucosa
– T. Muscularis :
stratrum circular and
longitudinal build 3
taenia.
• Appendix vermicularis
– Lumen triangel
– Epitel : columnar
with mikrovili,
crypta lieberkuhn,
less goblet cells, a
lot of limphoid
tissue, muscularis
mucosa –
– T. Submucosa ;
thick connective
tissue and blood
vessels
• Rectum
– Membrana
mucosa ; same as
colon in ampula
recti, crypta
lieberkuhn shorten
and dissapear
before anal, epitel
: columnar to
squamose
• Anal
– Epitel : squamose,
– Glandula sebacea
and circumanalis
– Great plexus venosus
 haemoroid
– T. Muscularis :
stratum circular 
m.sphincter ani
interna
Digestive Gland
Histology
 Parotid Gland
a. the largest salivary
gland
b. pure serous gland
c. encapsulated
connective tissue that
enters the gland into
the interlobularis
septum
 Submandibula gland
The sero mucosa with
more serous
 Sublingual gland
a. the smallest major
salivary gland
b. the sero-mucous glands
with more mucosa
c. the outlet on the
frenulum side
Hepar
a. classic lobulus
a) prismatic,polygonal
b) each plate is separated sinusoid.
b. portalis lobule
a) the center in the bile duct
b) in the trigonum
c) the border is not clear
c. Acinus hepatis
a) part of portalis lobule
b) Surrounding empedu and venula portae terminalis and arteri hepatica
c) In the appropriate between classic lob
Kiernan triangle is a meeting of
3 adjacent lobbies.
in it there is :
a. interlobularis vein, is a
portal vein branch, a large
and thin cross section
b. interlobularis artery, is a
branch of the hepatic artery
c. interlobularis duct
Bile Flow
Vesica felea
a. Tunica Mucosa
• Folding fold irregularly
• Cylindrical epithelium with microvilli
• Lamina propria : loose binding network with fiber and reticular
webbing
b. Tunica subserosa
• Connective tissue
c. Tunica muscularis
• Smooth muscle
d. Tunica serosa
• Mesothelial cell coated
Ductus Cyticus
a. Join into the choleducus duct
b. The estuary of the choleducular duct is the muscle
spinchter oddi and fasciculus longitudinalis
spinchter oddi terdiri atas :
1) spinchter choleducus
2) spinchter pancreaticus
3) spinchter ampullae
Pancreas
a. The lobule is composed of several glandular acinus
b. there are interlobularis ducts, blood vessels, nerves,
lymph channels
c. acinus is formed by pyramid cells
d. the excretorius duct has a cuboid-coated epithelium
e. sprawl shaped excretorius duct cells that enter the
acini
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES
OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Ankyloglossia
Atresia Oesophagus
Stenosis Pylorus
Atresia Bilier
Double Gallbladder
Annular Pancreas
Omphalocele
Atresia Intestinal
Fistula Recti
DISEASES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Gastroesophageal reflux
disease, or GERD, is a digestive
disorder that affects the lower
esophageal sphincter (LES), the
ring of muscle between the
esophagus and stomach.
Reflux means to flow
back or return. Therefore,
gastroesophageal reflux is the
return of the stomach's contents
back up into the esophagus.
 Gallstones can form when there’s too much
cholesterol or waste in your bile, or if your gallbladder
doesn’t empty properly.
When gallstones block the ducts leading from
your gallbladder to your intestines, they can cause
sharp pain in your upper-right abdomen. Medications
sometimes dissolve gallstones, but if that doesn’t work,
the next step is surgery to remove the gallbladder.
 Hemorrhoids are an
inflammation of the blood
vessels at the end of your
digestive tract. They can be
painful and itchy. Causes
include chronic constipation,
diarrhea, straining during
bowel movements, and a
lack of fiber in your diet.
 Celiac disease is a serious
autoimmune disorder that can
occur in genetically predisposed
people where the ingestion of
gluten leads to damage in the
small intestine.
When people with celiac
disease eat gluten (a protein
found in wheat, rye and barley),
their body mounts an immune
response that attacks the small
intestine.
 Crohn’s disease is part
of a group of digestive
conditions called inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD). Crohn’s
most commonly affects the
terminal ileum, which
connects the end of the small
bowel and the beginning of
the colon, but it can affect any
part of the digestive tract.
 Appendicitis is
inflammation of the
appendix