Philosophy; Transcending and Aiming

for a Life of Abundance

COMES FROM LATIN

W O RD “ ABUN DARE”
MEANING “ TO
OVERFLOW NONSTOP”
ABUNDANCE WAS GIVEN
A NEW SPIRITUAL—IS
OUT FLOWING THAN
INCOMING. (AGUILAR)
Abundance is not what we gather but
what we scatter. ( equated with
materialism)
Abundance is not what we keep but what
we give away. (pursue desires and inner
self)
Abundance is not what we hold but what
we share. (more of our ambitions)
Abundance is a choice. (positiveness)
Abundance is to evolve into a higher
being. (a deliberate desire to act upon
what can make us and others happy.
A.Enumerate the following;
Three Greek triumvirates.(1-3)
Three Dimensions of Filipino
Thoughts (4-6)
B.Differentiate the western
traditions from non-western
according to Quito. (7-10)
B.As a student, how can you live a
life of abundance? Cite
examples.(5pts)
 METHODS
OF
PHILOSOPHIZI
NG
Introduction: Methods of Philosophizing

PHILOSOPHIZI
NG
is to think or express oneself
in a philosophical manner.
It considers or discusses a
(matter) from a philosophical
standpoint.
A. PHENOMENOLOGY: ON
CONSCIOUSNESS

Edmund Husserl founded Phenomenology-

where the truth is based on the person’s
consciousness.
This focuses on careful inspection and
description of phenomena or appearances,
defines as any object of conscious experience,
that is, that which we are conscious of (Johnson).
the word “phenomenon” comes directly
from the Greek (phainomenon) meaning
“appearance”.
HUSSERL’SFORMULATES SEVERALPHENOMENOLOGICAL
“REDUCTIONS”AND THEIR SHIFTS.
1. Epoche or “suspension” brackets all
the questions of truth and reality and
simply describes the contents of
consciousness.
2. Focuses on the essential features, the
meaning of consciousness.
3. What interests the
phenomenologists are the contents
of consciousness, not on the things of
the natural world as such.
 B. EXISTENSIALISM: ON
FREEDOM
It is not primarily on a philosophical
method neither a set of doctrines but more of
an outlook or attitude supported by diverse
doctrines centered on certain common themes
as follows:
1. Human condition or relation of individual
to the world.
2. Human response to that condition
3. Being, especially the difference between the
being of person and being the other kinds of
things
4. Human freedom
 B. EXISTENSIALISM: ON
FREEDOM
5.Significance of choice and decision in the
absence of certainty
6.Concreteness and subjectivity of life as lived,
against abstractions and false objectifications.

*Soren Kierkegaard, insisted that the authentic self

was the personally chosen self, as opposed to public or
“herd identity”
* Nietzsche took this view of opposition of the
genuine individual versus the identity of “herd”
identity.
Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher who
emphasized the importance of free individual choice
regardless of the power of other people to influence
and coerce our desires, beliefs and decisions.
Socrates “the good of his soul” he sought not mere
opinions but knowledge, self-knowledge in
particular, and prescribed not just right action but
virtue, being “true to oneself”.
St. Augustine was concerned with the spiritual
nature of the “true” self as opposed to the
inauthentic demands of desire and the body.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau essential goodness of the
“natural” self in contrast to the “corruption” imposed
by society.
 C. POST-
MODERNISM

It is accepted that truth is not absolute

(i.e. cultural). Post modernism is not
philosophy– it is best a holding pattern,
perhaps a cry of despair.
Postmodernists believe that humanity
should come at truth beyond the rational
to the non-rational elements of human
nature, including the spiritual.
 D. ANALYTIC
TRADITION
Language cannot objectively
describe truth.
“Analysis” refers to a method; owing a
great deal to the pioneers, Bertrand
Russell, G.E, Moore, Wittgenstein an J.L
Austin.
Ludwig Wittgenstein, an analytic
philosopher, language is socially
conditioned.
E. Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in
Reasoning
It is the centered in the analysis and
construction of arguments.
Two Types of Reasoning:
A. Inductive Reasoning (observations in order
to make generalizations often applied in
prediction, forecasting or behavior)
B. Deductive Reasoning (draws conclusion
from usually one broad judgments or
definition and one more specific assertion,
often an inference.
Validity and Soundness of an
Argument
Ex. All philosophers are wise. (major
premise)
Confucius is a philosopher. (minor
premise)
Therefore, Confucius is wise.
(conclusion)
Validity comes from a logical conclusion
based on logically constructed premises.
 STRENGTH OF AN
ARGUMENT
Inductive arguments cannot
prove if the premises are true which
will also determine the truth of the
conclusion.
 F.
FALLACIE
S
To detect fallacies, it is required to examine the
argument’s content.
Usual errors in reasoning and thus, coming up with
false conclusion and worse, distorting the truth.
a. Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad
misericordiam)
b. Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad
ignorantiam)
c. Equivocation
d. Composition
e.Division
f.Against the Person (Argumentum ad
hominem)
g.Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad
baculum)
h.Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad
populum)
i. False Cause
j. Hasty generalization
k. Begging the question (petitio principii)
Applying Logic and Fallacies in
Determining Truths from
Opinions
 Tractatus identifies the relationship
between language and reality and to
define the limits of science. It is
recognized as a significant philosophical
work of the 20th century.
 REALIZE THE METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHY THAT LEAD TO
WISDOM AND TRUTH
Double (1999) although philosophy is an
organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of
philosophy is questions, which have three major
characteristics;
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the
answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by
science, common sense, or faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial
intellectual interest to human beings.
CRITICAL THINKING
Is the careful, reflective, rational and
systematic approach to questions of very
general interest.
For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking
is a lifelong process of self-assessment that
further consists of:
Defining, analyzing and devising solutions,
Arriving at reasonable and informed
conclusions
Applying understanding and knowledge to new
and different problems.
CRITICAL THINKING

Willingness to change one point of view

Continually examining and re-
examining ideas
Willingness to say “I don’t know”
Willingness to say
THE ATTRIBUTES OF A“I don’t know.”
CRITICAL THINKER INCLUDE;

Looks for evidence to support assumption

and beliefs
Adjusts opinion
Looks for proof
Examines the problem
Rejects irrelevant and innocent information
Willingness to say
THE ATTRIBUTES OF A“I don’t know.”
CRITICAL THINKER INCLUDE;
- if one accepts one’s limits or has the
courage to say “I don’t know”, then it
becomes an honest appraisal of say

- only if one is able to be willing to

change one’s point of view based on
arising evidence and continually re-
examining ideas, can a more holistic
perspective of truth be arrived at
 EVALUATE OPINIONS

 An opinion can be a belief or judgment that rests on grounds

insufficient to produce complete certainty. It is a personal
view, attitude or appraisal or personal feelings.
Asking relevant questions -> assessing arguments or
statements -> looking for evidence assumption or beliefs ->
deciding rationally what to believe or not important to
evaluate opinions.
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