Angle Relationships

and Similar Triangles

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Vertical Angles

 When lines intersect, angles opposite each other are

called vertical angles
Q
R

M
N
P

 Vertical angles in this picture:

NMP and : RMQ QMN and : RMP
 How do measures of vertical angles compare?
Vertical Angles have equal measures.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-2

 Parallel Lines

 Parallel lines are lines that lie in the same plane

and do not intersect.
 When a line q intersects two parallel lines, q, is
called a transversal.
Transversal q

m
parallel lines
n

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-3

 Angles and Relationships q
A transver sal intersecti ng parallel Exterior
m
lines forms eight angles with the Interior
n
following names and relationsh ips : Exterior

Name Angles Rule

Alternate interior angles 4 and 5 Angles measures are equal.
3 and 6
Alternate exterior angles 1 and 8 Angle measures are equal.
2 and 7
Interior angles on the same 4 and 6 Angle measures add to 180.
side of the transversal 3 and 5
Corresponding angles 2 & 6, 1 & 5, Angle measures are equal.
3 & 7, 4 & 8

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-4

 Example: Finding Angle Measures
Equation?
 Find the measure of each  6 x  4  10 x  80
marked angle, given that lines
m and n are parallel. 84  4 x
(6x + 4)
m
21  x
 Measure of each angle?
n
(10x  80)  One angle has measure
6x + 4 = 6(21) + 4 = 130
 What is the relationship
between these angles?
 and the other has measure
10x  80 = 10(21)  80 =
Alternate exterior with equal
measures 130

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-5

 Angle Sum of a Triangle

 The instructor will ask specified students to draw three

triangles of distinctly different shapes. All the angles will
be cut off each triangle and placed side by side with
vertices touching.

 What do you notice when you sum the three angles?

The result is a straight line (straight angle)

 The sum of the measures of the angles
of any triangle is 180.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-6

 Example: Applying the Angle Sum

 The measures of two of  Solution?

the angles of a triangle
52  65  x  180
are 52 and 65. Find the
measure of the third 117  x  180
angle, x.
x  63
65

x
 The third angle of the
triangle measures 63.
52

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-7

 Types of Triangles: Named Based on
Angles

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-8

 Types of Triangles: Named Based on
Sides

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-9

 Similar and Congruent Triangles

 Triangles that have exactly the same shape, but

not necessarily the same size are similar
triangles A D

B C E F

 Triangles that have exactly the same shape and

the same size are called congruent triangles
G L

H K M N
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-10
 Conditions for Similar Triangles

 Corresponding angles must have the same

measure.
A  D, B  E , C  F
 Corresponding sides must be proportional.
(That is, their ratios must be equal.)
AB BC AC
 
DE EF DF
A
D

B C E F
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-11
 Example: Finding Angle Measures on
Similar Triangles
 Triangles ABC and DEF  Since the triangles are
are similar. Find the similar, corresponding
measures of angles D angles have the same
and E. measure.
D
 Angle D corresponds to
angle: A
A o
 Measure of D: 35
35 112
F E  Angle E corresponds to
angle: B
112 33 o
C B  Measure of E: 33

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-12

 Example: Finding Side Lengths on Similar
Triangles
Write a proportion involving correspond ing sides with one unknown :
 Triangles ABC and DEF  To find side DE:
are similar. Find the 32 64

lengths of the unknown 16 x
sides in triangle DEF.
32 x  1024
D
x  32
32
A
16  To find side FE:
35 112 32 48
64 F E

32 24 16 x
C
112 33
B 32 x  768
x  24
48

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-13

 Example: Application of Similar Triangles

 A lighthouse casts a  The two triangles are

shadow 64 m long. At the similar, so corresponding
same time, the shadow sides are in proportion,
cast by a mailbox 3 m so: 3 x
high is 4 m long. Find the 
height of the lighthouse. 4 64
4 x  192
3 x  48
4

x
 The lighthouse is 48 m
high.
64

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-14

 Trigonometric
Functions
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Trigonometric Functions Compared with
Algebraic Functions
 Algebraic functions are sets of
ordered pairs of real numbers such
that every first member, “x”, is paired
with exactly one second member, “y”
 Trigonometric functions are sets of
ordered pairs such that every first
member, an angle, is paired with
exactly one second member, a ratio
of real numbers

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-16

 Trigonometric Functions Compared with
Algebraic Functions
 Algebraic functions are given names like f,
g or h and in function notation, the second
member that is paired with “x” is shown as
f(x), g(x) or h(x)
 Trigonometric functions are given the
names, sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent,
secant, or cosecant, and in function
notation, the second member that is paired
with the angle “A” is shown as sin(A),
cos(A), tan(A), cot(A), sec(A), or csc(A) –
(sometimes parentheses are omitted)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-17
 x, y 
Trigonometric Functions
r 

Let (x, y) be a point other the origin on the

terminal side of an angle  in standard
position.
The distance, r, from the point to the origin
is:

r x y .
2 2

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-18

 Trigonometric
Functions
The six trigonometric functions of 
are defined as:
x, y 
r r 


y x y
sin   cos  tan   (x  0)
r r x
r r x
csc  ( y  0) sec  ( x  0) cot   (y  0)
y x y

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-19

 Values of Trig Functions Independent of
Point Chosen
 For the given angle, if point (x1,y1) is picked and r1 is
calculated, trig functions of that angle will be ratios of the
sides of the triangle shown in blue.
 For the same angle, if point (x2,y2) is picked and r2 is
calculated, trig functions of the angle will be ratios of the
triangle shown in green
 Since the triangles are similar, ratios and trig function
values will be exactly the same
x2 , y2  x1 , y1 
r2

y2 r1
y1
x1
x2

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-20

 Example: Finding Function Values

 The terminal side of angle  in standard position

passes through the point (12, 16). Find the
values of the six trigonometric functions of
angle .
Note : x and y are given, find (12, 16)

" r" and then use definition s : 16

r  x 2  y 2  122  162 
12
 144  256  400  20

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-21

 Example: Finding Function Values
continued
 x = 12 y = 16 r = 20

Using definition s, the value of each of the trig functions is :

y 16 4 r 20 5
sin     csc   
r 20 5 y 16 4
x 12 3 r 20 5
cos    sec   
r 20 5 x 12 3
y 16 4 x 12 3
tan     cot    
x 12 3 y 16 4

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-26
 Trigonometric Functions of Coterminal
Angles
 Note: To calculate trigonometric functions of an
angle in standard position it is only necessary to
know one point on the terminal side of that
angle, and its distance from the origin
 In the previous example six trig functions of the
given angle were calculated. All angles
coterminal with that angle will have identical trig
function values
 ALL COTERMINAL ANGLES HAVE IDENTICAL
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION VALUES!!!!

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-27

 Equations of Rays with Endpoint at Origin:

 Recall from algebra that the equation of a line is:

y  mx  b where m is slope and b is y - intercept
 If a line goes through the origin its equation is:

y  mx or :
any equation involving only x and y and their coefficien ts
 To get the equation of a ray with endpoint at the
origin we write an equation of this form with the
restriction that:
either x  0 or x  0
left ray right ray
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-28
 Example: Finding Function Values
Calculate " r":

r  2  1  5
 Find the six trigonometric 2 2
function values of the
angle  in standard
position, if the terminal
side of  is defined by
x + 2y = 0, x  0.

 We can use any point on

the terminal side of  to
find the trigonometric
function values.
Choose x  0, calculate y :
x2 y  1

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-29

 Example: Finding Function Values
continued
 From previous  Use the definitions of the
calculations: trig functions:

y 1 1 5 5
sin      
r 5 5 5 5
x  2, y  1, r  5 x 2 2 5 2 5
cos     
r 5 5 5 5
y 1 r
tan     csc    5
x 2 y
r 5 x
sec   cot    2
x 2 y

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-30