QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH
 CONTENT
I. What is Quantitative Research?
II. Quantitative Research Methods: Types with Examples
1. Primary Quantitative Research Methods
a. Techniques and Types of Studies
b. Data Collection Methodologies
c. Data Analysis Techniques
2. Secondary Quantitative Research Methods
III. Quantitative Research Characteristics
IV.Quantitative Research Examples
V. Advantages of Quantitative Research
 Quantitative Research
a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical or
computational techniques
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
There are two forms of quantitative research:
1. Primary Research
2. Secondary Research
Primary research is a methodology used by
researchers to collect data directly, rather than
depending on data collected from previously done
research. Technically, they “own” the data. Primary
research is solely carried out to address a certain
problem, which requires in-depth analysis.
A. Primary Research Methods
with Examples
1. Survey Research

Survey Research is defined as the process of

conducting research using surveys that are sent
to survey respondents. The data collected
from surveys is then statistically analysed to
draw meaningful research conclusions.
 On the basis of the time taken, survey research can be
classified into two methods:
1. Longitudinal Survey Research involves
conducting a survey research over a continuum
of time, which may be spread across years and
decades. The data collected using this survey
research method from one time period to another,
is qualitative or quantitative in nature.
Respondent behavior, preferences, attitudes are
observed constantly over time to analyse reasons
for change in behavior or preferences. For
example, if a researcher intends to learn about
eating habits of teenagers, he/she will follow
a sample of teenagers over a considerable
period of time to ensure that the collected
information is reliable.
2. Cross-sectional Survey Research is
conducted to collect insights from a target
audience at a particular time interval. This
survey research method is implemented in
various sectors such as retail, education,
healthcare, SME businesses etc. Cross-
sectional survey research can either be
descriptive or analytical in nature. This survey
research method is quick and helps
researchers collect information in a brief time
span. Researchers rely on cross-sectional
survey research method in situations where
descriptive analysis of a subject is required.
Three main survey research methods, divided based on the
medium of conducting survey research

1. Online/ Email - Online 2. Phone - Survey 3. Face-to-face - In

survey research is one of research conducted over situations where there
the most popular survey phone can be useful in
research methods in this is a complicated
collecting data from a
day and age. The cost larger section of the target
problem to solve, face-
involved in online survey population but there are to-face survey
research is extremely chances that the money research can be
minimal and the responses invested in phone surveys conducted. The
gathered are highly will be higher than other response rate of this
accurate but the only mediums and also that the method is the highest
drawback of this survey time required will be
research method is that but it can be extremely
higher.
the response rates are expensive.
lower compared to the ✣
other mediums.
2. Correlational Research

Correlational research is a type of

non-experimental research method,
in which a researcher measures two
variables, understands and assess
the statistical relationship between
them with no influence from any
extraneous variable.
Types of Correlational Research
 Three Types of Correlational Research

1. Positive correlation: 2. Negative 3. No correlation:

A positive correlation In this third type, two
correlation:
between two variables is variables are not
when an increase in one A negative correlation is
correlated. This means a
variable leads to an quite literally the
change in one variable
increase in the other opposite of positive may not necessarily see a
variable and a decrease in correlation. This means, change in the other
one variable will see a if there is an increase in variable. For example,
decrease in the other being a millionaire and
one variable, the
variable. For example, the happiness is not
amount of money a person second variable will
correlated. This means an
has might positively show a decrease and
increase in money doesn’t
correlate with the number vice versa. lead to happiness.
of cars he has.
 Examples of Correlational
Research

1. The relationship between stress and depression.

2. The equation between fame and money.

3. The relation between activities in a third-grade

class and its students.
This research method mainly depends on the factor of comparison. Also called
the quasi-experimental research, this quantitative research method is used by
researchers to draw conclusions about cause-effect equation between two or
more variables, where one variable is dependent on the other independent
variable. The independent variable is established but not manipulated and its
impact on the dependent variable is observed. These variables or groups must
be formed as they exist in the natural set up. As the dependent and
independent variables will always exist in a group, it is advised that the
conclusions are carefully established by keeping all the factors in mind.

3. Causal-Comparative Research:
Examples of Causal-Comparative Research
Questions

✣The impact of drugs on a teenager.

✣The effect of good education on a freshman.

✣The effect of substantial food provision in the villages of

Africa.
 4. Experimental Research also known as true experimentation, this
research method is reliant on a theory. Experimental research, as the name
suggests, is usually based on one or more theories. This theory has not
been proven in the past and is merely a supposition. In an experimental
research, an analysis is done around proving or disproving the statement.
This research method is used in natural sciences.(A theory is a statement

which can be verified or refuted.)

Statements which need to be proven right or wrong:

1. Traditional research methods are more effective than modern techniques.

2. Systematic teaching schedules help children who find it hard to cope with
the course.
3. It is a boon to have responsible nursing staff for ailing parents.
 B. Data Collection Methodologies
Step 1: Sampling
Methods
1. Probability
a. simple random sampling
b. stratified random sampling
c. cluster sampling
d. systematic sampling
2. Non-probability
a. convenience sampling
b. consecutive sampling
c. quota sampling
d. snowball sampling
e. judgmental sampling
Step 2: Using
Surveys & Polls
1. Surveys based on deployment method:
a. on-line surveys
b. paper surveys
c. Telephonic surveys
d. One-on-one interviews
2. Surveys based on frequency at which
they are administered
a. cross-sectional surveys
b. Longitudinal surveys
c. Retrospective surveys
 Sampling Methods
A. Probaility sampling - A theory
of probability is used to filter
individuals from a population and
create samples. In probability
sampling, participants of a sample
are chosen through a random
selection processes. Each
member of the target audience
has an equal opportunity to be
selected and included in the
sample.
a. Simple random sampling is
b. Stratified random sampling: In the
a sampling technique where
stratified random sampling method, a
every item in the population has
large population is divided into groups
an even chance and likelihood
(strata) and members of a sample are
of being selected in
chosen randomly from these strata. The
the sample. Here the selection
various segregated strata should ideally
of items completely depends on
not overlap one another.
chance or by probability and
therefore this sampling
technique is also sometimes d. Systematic sampling is a
known as a method of technique where the starting point of
chances. the sample is chosen randomly and
all the other elements are chosen
c. Cluster sampling is a using a fixed interval. This interval is
probability sampling method calculated by dividing population size
using the main segment which by the target sample size.
is divided into clusters, usually
using geographic and demogr
aphic segmentation
parameters.
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