PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

OBJECTIVES
 Illustrate covalent bonding in compounds
 Identify the molecular shape of compounds
 Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

COVALENT OR IONIC?
1. KCl
2. PCl3
3. NaF
4. SF6
5. MgS
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

COVALENT BONDING
A covalent bond is a bond that results
from the sharing of electrons between
atoms.

Properties of Covalent Compounds

Low melting Low Poor Soft, brittle
and boiling densities electrical and has low
points conductivity tensile
strength
 PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

FORMATION OF COVALENT BONDS

1 Choose the central atom (the atom that needs
more electrons to become stable).
Draw the Lewis dot structure of the atoms
(surround the symbol of the elements with dots
2
representing the number of valence electrons).

3 Form bonds between the electrons of the central

atom and the terminal atoms until the atoms are
stable.
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

FORMATION OF COVALENT BONDS

Examples
 PCl3
Illustrate the
covalent bonding
 Cl2
in the following  H2O
compounds  HCl
 NH3
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
Molecular geometry refers to the arrangement
of the atoms in a molecule.

Bonding Pairs vs. Lone Pairs

Bonding pairs are pairs of valence electrons
that are shared with other atoms.
Lone pairs are pairs of valence electrons
that are not shared with other atoms.
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY SHAPES

Symmetrically-shaped Molecules
1. Linear
Formula Type: AX2
# of Bonding Pairs: 2
# of Lone Pairs: 0
Examples: BeCl2
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY SHAPES

2. Trigonal Planar
Formula Type: AX3
# of Bonding Pairs: 3
# of Lone Pairs: 0
Examples: BF3
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY SHAPES

3. Tetrahedral
Formula Type: AX4
# of Bonding Pairs: 4
# of Lone Pairs: 0
Examples: CH4
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY SHAPES

4. Trigonal Bipyramidal
Formula Type: AX5
# of Bonding Pairs: 5
# of Lone Pairs: 0
Examples: PF5
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY SHAPES

5. Octahedral
Formula Type: AX6
# of Bonding Pairs: 6
# of Lone Pairs: 0
Examples: SF6
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY SHAPES

Asymmetrically-shaped Molecules
These are the molecules with lone pairs. Their
bond angles are not equal, thus, giving them an
asymmetrical structure.

Examples: H2O, NO2 SF4

PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

POLARITY OF BONDS
Non-polar bonds are Polar bonds are bonds with
bonds with same different electronegativities,
electronegativity, thus, have thus, unequal sharing of
equal sharing of bonding bonding electron pairs.
electron pairs.
How to determine the polarity of bonds?

Non-polar Polar
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

POLARITY OF MOLECULES
The polarity of molecules are determined by: (1) the
molecular shape and; (2) the difference between the
electronegativity of the atoms forming the bond
How to determine the polarity of molecules?
Determine whether the chemical bond Examples:
1 has/have lone pairs.
 BeCl2
 NF3
2 If there is no lone pair, the bond is a non-
polar bond. If there is lone pair, the bond
 PF5
is a polar bond.  H2O
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

POLARITY OF MOLECULES
The polarity of molecules are determined by: (1) the
molecular shape and; (2) the difference between the
electronegativity of the atoms forming the bond
How to determine the polarity of molecules?
Determine the symmetry of the Examples:
3 molecule.  BeCl2
 If the molecule has symmetrical
arrangement, it is non-polar.  NF3
 If the arrangement is asymmetrical,  PF5
the molecule is polar.  H2O
 PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY SHAPES

ACTIVTY #3
# of # of
Molecular
Compound Illustration Bonding Lone Polarity
Shape
Pairs Pairs

SO2
CCl4
OBr6
NH3
IF5
 PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

POLARITY OF BONDS
Non-polar bonds are Polar bonds are bonds with
bonds with same EN= <.5 nonpolar
different electronegativities,
electronegativity,EN= .5-2.0thus,
thus, have polarunequal sharing of
equal sharing ofEN= > 2.0bonding
bonding ionic electron pairs.
electron pairs.
How to determine the polarity of bonds?
Compare the Ex: Cl2 Ex: HCl
electronegativities EN of Cl = 3.0 EN of H = 2.1
of the atoms 3.0 = 3.0 EN of Cl = 3.0
forming the bond Non-polar 2.1 ≠ 3.0 Polar
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

Electronegativity
Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom
to attract electrons.

In the periodic
table,
electronegativity
increases from
left to right, and
from bottom to
top.
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

SEATWORK NO. 3: POLARITY OF MOLECULES

Difference in Symmetrical or Polar or Non-
Compound
Electronegativity Asymmetrical polar Molecule

CO2
BrCl5
OF2
NH3
SiH4
 PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms
together within a molecule.

Types of Intramolecular Forces

IONIC COVALENT METALLIC
 Metal + Nonmetal  It can be polar or  Metal Elements
 Ex: NaCl, MgS, nonpolar  Ex: Gold, Silver,
CaCl2  Ex: HCl, NH3, O2, Cobalt, Iron
N2, F2
 PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are forces of attraction that
exist between molecules in a compound. They
determine the physical properties of the compound.
Types of Intermolecular Forces
London Dispersion Dipole-dipole Hydrogen Bond
Forces Interaction  exists in molecules
 present in nonpolar  occurs in polar containing H
molecules covalent molecules bonded to a highly
 stronger when
 Ex: HCl, NH3, electronegative
atoms are bigger
CHCl3 atom
 Ex: noble gases, O2,
N2, F2  Ex: H2O, HF, HCl
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER

ACTIVITY NO.3: Properties & Structure of Materials

Research on the materials that could be used to produce
the following consumer products:
 medical implants; prosthesis
 sports equipment
 electronic devices
 construction supplies (for buildings and furniture)
 household gadgets
What properties of these materials made them
appropriate for the given consumer products? Explain
briefly.