Optical Fiber Communication

By
Engr. Dr. Farhan Qamar
HISTORY OF LIGHT AND
OPTICS
WHAT IS LIGHT? THEORIES OF LIGHT

Quantum Optics

Electromagnetic Optics

Wave Optics

Ray Optics
 Historical attempts to
characterize light
• Ancient idea
– light emanates from eye to illuminate object
• Newton (18th century)
– light is particulate and moves faster in transparent
materials
• Young (1801)
– interference experiments demonstrates wave
nature of light
• Einstein (early 20th century)
– explains photoelectric effect by assuming a
particulate nature of light (lumps of waves with
E = hf)
Around 1000 A.D. Ibn al-Haytham
(Alhazen in the West) used his
invention of the camera obscura to
advocate for a view of light in which
rays streamed from luminous
sources traveling in straight lines
to the screen or the eye.
His Book of Optics has been ranked with Isaac
Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica as one of the most influential
books in the history of physics, for starting a
revolution in optics and visual perception.
 Determining the Speed of Light
• Galileo tried
unsuccessfully to
determine the speed of
light using an assistant
with a lantern on a
distant hilltop
 THE NATURE OF LIGHT
What is light?
By the 17th Century light had been observed as:
1. Travel in a straight line.
2. Reflect.
3. Refract.
4. Transmit energy from one place to another.

Two Theories could explain these

Phenomena.
The Wave Theory
advocated by
Christain Huygens
and Robert Hooke,
said that light was a
wave.

The Particle theory

advocated by Isaac
Newton and latter by
Pierre Laplace, said that
light was made up of a
stream of tiny particles
called corpuscles.
The more popular theory was the particle theory because
of the reputation of Newton.

Newton’s particle theory could easily explain the

straight line travel of light, reflection and energy
transmission but had trouble explaining refraction.
Newtons’s explanation of refraction required that light must
travel faster in water than in air.

Huygen’s wave theory could easily explain reflection,

energy transmission and refraction but had difficulty
explaining the straight line travel of light.

The wave theory’s explanation of refraction required that

light must travel slower in water than in air.
The debate among the two sides continued through the
mid 1800’s.
1801- Thomas Young discovered the interference
of light from adjacent pinholes and established the
wave theory of light

1816- Diffraction of light (actually observed in the

1600’s but not given much significance) was explained
using interference principles. Augustin-Jean Fresnel
explaining them with wave theory. The corpuscular
theory is all but dead.

Neither phenomena could be explained satisfactorily by the

particle theory.

The Final blow to the particle theory came in

1850 when Jean Foucault discovered that light
travels faster in air than in water.
 INTERFERENCE: YOUNG’S EXPERIMENT

The wave nature of light causes the light waves passing through both slits to interfere,
creating an interference pattern of bright and dark bands on the screen.

Interference is simple superposition, and a wave-

phenomenon
 It was widely accepted that light was a
wave, but what kind of wave?`

In 1865, James Maxwell developed

ideas began by Michael Faraday into a
series of equations said that proposed
that electromagnetic wave theory.
It said that light was a type of E/M wave:
a periodic disturbance involving electric
and magnetic forces.

In 1885, Heinrich Hertz experimentally

confirmed the E/M theory.
That view was soon to change around
1900. The Photoelectric effect was
observed.
The emission of electrons by a substance
when illuminated by electromagnetic
radiations.

Careful study of the photoelectric effect was

performed by many scientists.
 The wave theory could not totally explain the
photoelectric effect, but a variation of the old
particle theory.
Max Planck and Albert Einstein
subsequently proposed the
QUANTUM THEORY.

THE QUANTUM THEORY:

The Transfer of energy between
light radiation and matter occurs
in discrete units called quanta,
the magnitude of which depends
on the frequency of radiation.
Although we still commonly characterize
light as a wave, it is actually neither a
wave nor a particle. It seems to have
characteristics of both.

The modern view of the nature of light

recognizes the dual character.
Light is radiant energy transported
in photons that are guided along
their path by a wave field.
 Known Properties of Light
• Explained classically by Maxwell’s
Equations (in 1860)
• Transverse Wave
– polarization
• Wave speed
– speed of light in a vacuum
• 3.00  108 m/s
– speed of light slower in media
• Particle (?)
– the photon (E = hf)
– dual nature of light
 THE NATURE OF LIGHT

• In the 1860s, the Scottish mathematician and physicist

James Clerk Maxwell succeeded in describing all the basic
properties of electricity and magnetism in four equations
• This mathematical achievement demonstrated that electric
and magnetic forces are really two aspects of the same
phenomenon, which we now call electromagnetism
 WHAT IS LIGHT?
WAVE NATURE:
•Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, polarization, fading,
loss ..

TRANSVERSE EM (TEM) WAVE:

Interacts with any charges in nearby space…
Characterized by frequency, wavelength, phase and propagation speed
Simplified Maxwell’s equations-analysis for monochromatic, planar
waves
Photometric terms: luminous flux, candle intensity, illuminance,
Luminance…

PARTICLE NATURE:

Number of photons, min energy: E = hu

 LIGHT ATTRIBUTES OF INTEREST

DUAL NATURE: EM wave and particle

MANY S: wide & continuous spectrum

POLARIZATION: circular, elliptic, linear: affected by fields and matter

OPTICAL POWER: wide range; affected by matter

PROPAGATION:
•Straight path in free space
•In matter it is affected variously (absorbed, scattered, through);
•In waveguides, it follows bends

PROPAGATION SPEED: diff s travel at diff speeds in matter

PHASE: affected by variations in fields and matter

Electromagnetic Radiation
WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY
 LIGHT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY ITS WAVELENGTH ()
• Because of its
electric and
magnetic properties,
light is also called
electromagnetic
radiation
• Visible light falls in
the 400 to 700 nm
range
• Stars, galaxies and
other objects emit
light in all
wavelengths
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY AND
WAVELENGTH ()
HISTORY OF FIBER &
NETWORKING
It was a well known ‘fact’ that,
as light travels in straight lines,
it is impossible to make it follow
a curved path

But what happened ……

John Tyndall Experiment in 1870

What was expected to happen

What actually happened

LIGHT GUIDING: CONCEPT OF OPTICAL FIBER

John Tyndall Experiment in 1870

Light can go anywhere
 A Short History of Optical
Telecommunications
Circa 2500 B.C. Earliest known glass
Roman times-glass drawn into fibers
Venice Decorative Flowers made of glass fibers
1609-Galileo uses optical telescope
1626-Snell formulates law of refraction
1668-Newton invents reflection telescope
1840-Samuel Morse Invents Telegraph
1841-Daniel Colladon-Light guiding demonstrated
in water jet
1870-Tyndall observes light guiding in a thin water jet
1873-Maxwell electromagnetic waves
1876-Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell Invent Telephone 1876-Alexander Graham Bell
1877-First Telephone Exchange
1880-Bell invents Photophone
1888-Hertz Confirms EM waves and relation to light
1880-1920 Glass rods used for illumination
1897-Rayleigh analyzes waveguide
1899-Marconi Radio Communication
1902-Marconi invention of radio detector
1910-1940 Vacuum Tubes invented and developed
1930-Lamb experiments with silica fiber 1970 I. Hayashi
Semiconductor Laser
1931-Owens-Fiberglass
1936-1940 Communication using a waveguide
1876 First commercial Telephone
 A Short History- Continued
1951-Heel, Hopkins, Kapany image transmission using fiber
bundles
1957-First Endoscope used in patient
1958-Goubau et. al. Experiments with the lens guide
1958-59 Kapany creates optical fiber with cladding
1960-Ted Maiman demonstrates first laser in Ruby
1960-Javan et. al. invents HeNe laser
1962-4 Groups simultaneously make first semiconductor
lasers
1961-66 Kao, Snitzer et al conceive of low loss single mode
fiber communications and develop theory
1970-First room temp. CW semiconductor laser-Hayashi &
Panish
April 1977-First fiber link with live telephone traffic-
GTE Long Beach 6 Mb/s
May 1977-First Bell system 45 mb/s links
GaAs lasers 850nm Multimode -2dB/km loss
Early 1980s-InGaAsP 1.3 µm Lasers
- 0.5 dB/km, lower dispersion-Single mode
Late 1980s-Single mode transmission at 1.55 µm -0.2
dB/km
1989-Erbium doped fiber amplifier
1 Q 1996-8 Channel WDM
4th Q 1996-16 Channel WDM
1Q 1998-40 Channel WDM
 Bells Photophone

1880 - Photophone Receiver

1880 - Photophone
Transmitter

“The ordinary man…will find a little difficulty in comprehending how sunbeams are to be used. Does Prof. Bell intend to
connect Boston and Cambridge…with a line of sunbeams hung on telegraph posts, and, if so, what diameter are the
sunbeams to be…?…will it be necessary to insulate them against the weather…?…until (the public) sees a man going through
the streets with a coil of No. 12 sunbeams on his shoulder, and suspending them from pole to pole, there will be a general
feeling that there is something about Prof. Bell’s photophone which places a tremendous strain on human credulity.”
New York Times Editorial, 30 August 1880
Increase in Bitrate-Distance
product

Agrawal-Fiber Optic Communications

 Progress In Lightwave
Communication Technology
Approaches to Optical Communication
 QUICK HISTORY OF OPTICAL NETWORKING

1958: Laser discovered

Mid-60s: Guided wave optics demonstrated
1970: Production of low-loss fibers
Made long-distance optical transmission possible!
1970: invention of semiconductor laser diode
Made optical transceivers highly refined!
70s-80s: Use of fiber in telephony: SONET/SDH
Mid-80s: LANs/MANs: broadcast-and-select architectures
1988: First trans-atlantic optical fiber laid
Late-80s: EDFA (optical amplifier) developed
Greatly alleviated distance limitations!
Mid/late-90s: DWDM systems explode
Late-90s: Intelligent Optical networks
A simple fiber optic system
 Lightwave Application Areas
Laser
Diode
Board-to-Board Optical
Rack -To-Rack

N:1 D-F/F Laser

Data Mux Retiming Driver

Clock
NE7809
µp8986

NE7809
Transmitter
NE7809 Photo
Detector

Chip-to-Chip
Optical D-F/F 1:N
Preamp Data
Decision DeMux
Preamp Main
Amp

Clock
Clock
Optical interconnects Recovery

Chip to Chip (Unlikely in near future) Receiver

Board to Board (>1foot eg. CPU-Memory)
Subsystem-Subsystem (Optics used Low Speed) Telecommunications

Long Haul (Small Market-High Performance)

LANs (Large Market Lower Performance)

High-Speed Analog (CATV-Remote Satellite)

OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PIECES
Optical Fiber System
Why fiber?

Palais-Fiber Optic Communications

Optical Fiber Attenuation and Fiber Amplifier Gain
Image Transmission by Fiber
Bundle

Optics-Hecht & Zajac Photo by American Cytoscope Makers Inc.

Optical Fiber Cable
Optical Fiber Cable
Some of the main undersea fiber routes
Global Undersea Fiber systems
UUNET
 SYNCHRONIZATION NETWORK ELEMENTS ON
NORTEL 10 GBIT/S DWDM SYSTEM

Larkana Shikarpur D.I. Khan Shahbaz Khel

Dadu Kandhkot Karor Bannu
Sehwan Rojhan
K.N.Shah Kot Bahadar Kot Addu
Kalari Ahmadi Banda
Jampur
Manzoorabad
Jheruk D.G. Khan Kohat
Gharo Chowk

Karachi (P/C)
South
CesiumRing
Clock 1883 KM
Qureshi
North Ring 1650 KMSSU GPS Peshawar
City
1 x 10South
Gbit/sRing 1883 KM 2 x 10 Gbit/s
North Ring 1650 KM
Nooriabad 2 x 10 Gbit/s 2 x 10 Gbit/s Kamra
Traffic Density
Traffic Density30
30 %
% SSU GPS Traffic Density 70 %
Traffic Density 70 % Cesium Clock Islamabad
Hyderabad Multan
Central
Mandra
New Saeedabad
Khanewal Jhelum
Moro Lodhran SSU GPS
Mianchannu
Ranipur Gujrat
Sahiwal
Sukkur Anayatpur
Manawala Gujranwala
Sardar Garh Sialkot
Fatehpur
Ghotki Chak-32 Faisalabad Lahore
CTH

Master Sync trail

Backup Sync trail
 PTCL DWDM NETWORK HUAWEI
Five Rings with ultimate capacity 16x2.5 Gb/s (40 Gb/s) each.
Presently Ring 1, 2 & 3 equipped for 3x2.5 Gb/s (7.5 Gb/s) & Ring 4 & 5 for 2x2.5 Gb/s (5 Gb/s).

AHMADI
BANDA
BANNU
OLA PESHAWAR
ADM

80 KM
SHAHBAZ AD

KM
KHEL M

71 K

117
OLA
MARDAN

KM
M
AD
M

50
72
D.I.KHAN KM

KM
85

M
KALARI FAZILPUR

AD
DADU ROJHAN
OLA ADM OLA JUMMAN SHAH
100 KM

OLA

90 KM
LA
99

OLA 41 K LAWRENCEPUR OLA

KM
KOTRI SITE EG RK EG AD D.G.KHAN M
KM
M

89
97

OLA AD AN M KM
8K

94
M A 89 KM
K

OLA M
M

12

K
90
10
4
KANDHKOT
KM
MADM BHAKKAR RING NO: 01
KM 67 39
THATTA OLA KM KM 109 KM NMS ADM
80 MADM RAWALPINDI
QURESHI OLA OLA HARNOLI
MADM SHIKARPUR CHOWK 117
80 KM K M
109 KM
RING NO: 05
38 KM

OLA OLA QUAIDABAD

65 KM
RING NO: 04 GOJRA MORR 105 KM ADM JHELUM
RING NO: 03 96KM
ADM

OLA
KARACHI

MADM
Workstation OLA 116 KM
81 KM
Workstation MADM SUKKUR SARGODHA OLA
KM 73 EG
87
KM M
5K MADM MULTAN 93 KM
10 Workstation
EG OLA
KM

OLA KM
RING NO: 02
93

NOORIABAD 11
UR
88

93 MADM Workstation
KM

OLA BAHAWALPUR 7
NI P
K

KM
KM

80
M

RA DHERKI OLA FAISALABAD

84
90 K

92 KM

AD
M
OLA

KM
M
118

OLA K

71 KM
ADM
108
M

79
OLA MIAN-

M
HYDERABAD ADM MORRO OLA K M

AD
R.Y.KHAN CHANNU 75
KM

NAWAB SHAH EG ADM

DERA EG GUJRAT

49
SAHIWAL FATEHPUR
JATTA

KM
EG OLA
74 K
MANANAWALA M
LEGEND: ADM 76 KM ADM
GUJRANWALA
LAHORE
DWDM TERMINAL (OTM)
ADM 2.5GB ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM)

MADM 2.5GB MULTI ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER (MADM)

REG OPTICAL LINE AMPLIFIER (OLA)

ADMs : 24 Stations
EG PROPOSED 15 KVA ENGINE-GENERATOR
OLAs : 22 Stations
EXISTING OPTICAL FIBER CABLE Total : 46 Stations
 Junction Transport Rings for Metropolitan Areas of
IBA-I
F-5
Islamabad CITY

IBA-II
IBA-IV S/Town
F-8 CHAKLALA

96 Fibre
RING I RING II

CANTT

IBA-V IBA-VI
F-11 I-10

LEGENDS CDDT
Bldg. WESTRIDGE
Commissioned
Not Commissioned

2.5Gb/s ADM
 Junction Transport Rings
Islamabad/Rawalpindi

CDDT F-1I

Zero Point
Morgah
F-8
Adial
I-10
a
2.5 GB
10 GB 2.5 GB
Ring-5 CANTT. Ring-1 2.5 GB IBA-I Ring-7 PTCL
Ring-2 H/Qtrs.

Dhok F-7
Westridge Khayaban-e-
Syedan
Sirsyed

2.5 GB Margalla
Gulraiz Chaklala Ring-4 2.5 GB
IBA-II
Ring-3 Nilore

2.5 GB Tarlai
Bahria
Ring-6
Town City
Shaheen
Legend
Humak PIA Colony
Colony 10 Gb/s ADM
IBA-II
Korang OFS Hall 2.5Gb/s ADM
Town
2.5Gb/s TML

96 proposed Fibre
96 Existing Fibre
 Voice/data convergence in Access networks
with FastLink (Subscriber side)
SNU
data with
voice share
ONU
PBX POTS voice voice with
ISDN-BA (TDM based) data share
ISDN-PRA

X.21
V.24
V.35 data
V.36 (TDM based)
G.703
analog LL
E&M
Ethernet
V.24 data
X.21 (packet based)
V.35
V.36
 Voice and ISDN Services Access of HONET
POTS
LAN

Router CID

2B+D/ 30B+D

Centrex
ONU

V5.2 SDH
LE
OLT ONU
2B+D
ONU
2B+D NT1+TA
Video phone
V.24
NT1

G4 FAX Digital phone POTS Internet

Full access of POTS ( Including new services: CID, Centrex, etc )

and ISDN services.
 Optical Fiber Access Network IBA-I (F-5) Exchange
AN -
Opp. H# 2, St.
Royal Plaza, F-8
44, F-8/1 NMS
Markaz
ONU Malach
ONU Earth Station
Junction STM-1 Malach Earth Station
ONU
STM-1/4 RING Network
UBL Green NAFDEC
HBL
IBA-IV Askari Bldg
Bldg. Tower Cinema
NIC
Leasing . ONU ONU
ONU ONU Bldg
ONU ONU ONU .
ONU
Opp. H# 8C, TF Bldg.
St. 21, F-8/2
Shalimar Plaza, OLT STM-4 RING IBA-I
Opp. Girls F-10 Markaz
College, F-10/2 IBA-I
ONU
ONU ONU
Junction ONU
Gondal
ONU ONU
STM-1/4 RING Network Opp. St.
MCB
ONU ONU ONU
SOGO
Plaza
85, G-6/4 Rizwan Mujahid
Bldg. Sama 2000
IBA-V Plaza Center Plaza

ONU ONU STM-1 Diplomatic Enclave

Israr Plaza, ONU ONU
G-11 Markaz
G-10 Markaz Opp. Indonesian Opp. British High
V5.2 Embassy Commission

LEGENDS
Commissioned ONU Outdoor ONU
Rope Not Available
Duct Not Available ONU Indoor ONU