source: Introduction to Linguistics (B.

Rowe)
 MORPHEMES

FREE BOUND

inflectional
derivation
al
 DERIVATIONAL
Bound morphemes that
change the meaning or part
of speech of a word.
 inflectional
Bound morphemes that do
not change the meaning or
part of speech of a word but
they may change in
grammatical functions.
 inflectional
The plural markers
The possessive
Comparative & superlative
Present form
Progressive
Past form
Past participle
Directions: Place a plus sign (+) between each boundary
and label each morpheme as free and bound. Then,
distinguish if the bound is inflectional or derivational.
longest = long (f) + est (b)(inf)
lovable = love (f) + able (b)(der)
judgment = judge (f) + ment (b)(der)
banana = banana (f)
snakes = snake (f) + s (b)(inf)
dropped = drop (f) + ed (b)(inf)
twilight = twilight (f)
fan = fan (f)
mallrat = mall (f) + rat (f)
Directions: Place a plus sign (+) between each boundary
and label each morpheme as free and bound. Then,
distinguish if the bound is inflectional or derivational.
Bill’s = Bill(f) + ‘s(b)(inf)
running = run(f) + ing (b)(inf)
player = play(f) + er (b)(der)
action = act(f) + ion (b)(der)
roughest = rough(f) + est (b)(inf)
comes = come(f) + s (b)(inf)
friendly = friend(f) + ly (b)(der)
unfriend = un (b)(der) + friend (f)
source: Introduction to Linguistics (B. Rowe)
 Word Formation
0 is the creation of a new word. Word formation is
sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a
change in a single word's meaning. The boundary
between word formation and semantic change can be
difficult to define: a new use of an old word can be seen
as a new word derived from an old one and identical to
it in form (see conversion). Word formation can also be
contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions.
Word Formation
Compounding Blending Onomatopoeia
Acronyms Derivation Back Formation

Borrowing Using People’s Name Clipping

 Compounding

bunkhouse = bunk + house

desk fan = desk + fan
armchair = arm + chair
veggie burger = veggie + burger
 Acronyms
NASA = National Aeronautical
and Space Administration
DOH = Department of Health
DVD = digital video disc
USB = universal serial bus
http = hypertext transfer protocol
Borrowing
also called loan words or foreign borrowed words.

Language e.g.words
French Recipe, route, camouflage, menu
Italian Solo, piano, casino, balcony, costume
Spanish Fiesta, plaza, bonanza, lasso, pronto
Native American Massachusetts, Mississippi, igloo, hickory
German Noodle, pretzel, dunk, waltz
Dutch Yacht, cookie, waffle, Santa Claus
Yiddish Schnook, klutz
Arabic Sofa, magazine, alcohol, algebra
turkish Yogurt, tulip
African Gorilla, zebra, gumbo, okra
 Blending
Eurasia = Europe + Asia
E-mail = electronic + mail
brunch = breakfast + lunch
motel = motor + hotel
sitcom = situation + comedy
 Derivation
forming a new word by adding an affix (Prefix, suffix)

Farmers (n) = farm(n) + er +s

courageous (adj) = courage (n) + ous
unfaithful (adj) = un + faith(n) + ful
Swimmer (n) = swim(v) + er
unpredictable (adj) = un + predict(v) + able
extravagantly (adv) = extravagant(adj) + ly
 Using
People’s
Name
Braille from Louis Braille (1809 – 1852)
Erotic from Eros (Greek god)
Guillotine from Joseph Ignance Guillotine (1738 –
1814)
ONOMATOPOEIA

Ding-dong for bells

Ring-ring
Ting-a-ling
Meow of cat
 Back Formation
Analogy – process by which one form a word is
used as the model for constructing another word.
Donate from donation
Edit from editor
Enthuse from enthusiasm
Clipping
Stat from Statistics
Math from Mathematics
dorm from dormitory
bus from omnibus
Cords from corduroy + s
Detox from detoxification
cell phone from cellular phone