 The process when a rock changes its form into a new one

without undergoing melting or disintegration.

 Change occurs in solid state.
 The original rock or the protolith undergoes mineralogical
and textual changes due to modification of its physical or
chemical environment.
 The shape, size and arrangement of grains in the rock may
change and the new minerals may grow.
 The transformation may take thousands to millions of years.
The changes in shape and size of minerals
without changing its identity.
 The process that transforms a grain of another
mineral having the same composition but different
crystal structure.
 Growth of new minerals that differ from those in the
protolith.

 Chemical reactions digest the existing minerals to

produce new minerals sometimes with the aid of
hydrothermal fluids.
 The dissolution of mineral grains when a rock is squeezed
dominantly in one direction at relatively low temperature
and pressure and in the presence of water.

 The dissolved minerals migrates and precipitates

elsewhere with aid of water.

 Cause grain to change shape – shorter in one direction and

longer in the other.
 Occurs when some minerals become flattened or
elongated without changing either the composition or
crystal structure due to their plastic behavior when
exposed to high temperature and pressure.
 Temperature and pressure change along with
increasing depth.
 An intruding magma can cause metamorphism because of
its high temperature and the presence of hydrothermal
fluid.

 The magma cools but the surrounding rock heats up.

 Example: Marble
 Faulting near the surface of the Earth causes rocks to break
into angular fragments or to powder.
 At greater depths, rocks behave like plastic as they
sheared during faulting because of higher temperature.
 Leads to crystallization of minerals in fault zones.
 Only involves shearing and does not require change in
temperature or pressure.
 Example: Mylonite.
 In convergent plate boundaries, large slices of crusts slip up over other
portions of the crust.
 Materials that were once situated near the surface are transported at
greater depths.
 The protolith is subjected to higher temperature due to geothermal
gradient and igneous activity.
 It also experiences higher pressure due to the weight of overlying
rocks.
 It is also subjected to differential stress due to plate movement.
 Example: Foliated metamorphic rocks
 Occurs when the dominant for is directed away from each
other.

 It stretches the rocks, causing as elongation parallel to the

direction of stress and shortening perpendicular to
direction of stress.
 Formed when the dominant force is directed towards each
other.

 It squeezes the rocks causing shortening parallel to the

direction of stress and elongation of perpendicular to the
stress direction.
 Develops when the two dominant force are directed
towards each other but not along the same axis.

 It results to slippage and translation.

 The resulting change in the rocks due to the
different types of stress is called strain.

 It is the change in size, shape or volume of the rock

subjected to stress.