TYPES OF FIRE RESISTIVE

• TYPE 1. Fireproof Construction – Construction of buildings that that resist

fire damage and prevent the spread of fire.
– Fire-Resistance Requirements have the following rating as a range;

– Exterior Bearing Walls: 3 to 4 hrs.

– Interior Bearing Walls: 2 to 4 hrs.

– Columns: 2 to 4 hrs.

– Beams, Girders, Trusses, and Arches: 2 to 4 hrs.

– Roof: 1-1/2 to 2 hrs.

 TYPES OF FIRE RESISTIVE

• TYPE 2. Non-combustible Construction - Construction using masonry

materials, Brick or Concrete, on the outside walls of structure.
– Fire-Resistance Requirements shall have, as a minimum, the following
ratings;
– Exterior Bearing Walls: 0 to 2 hrs.
– Interior Bearing Walls: 0 to 2 hrs.
– Columns: 0 to 2 hrs.
– Beams, Girders, Trusses, and Arches: o to 2 hrs.
– Roof: 0 to 1 hr.
– Floors: 0 to 2 hrs.
 TYPES OF FIRE RESISTIVE

• TYPE 3. Exterior Protected Construction –Construction in which all structural

elements of exterior walls are non-combustible materials.
– They also may be required to be protected and to have the following fire-
resistance ratings;
– Interior Bearing Walls: 0 to 1 hr.
– Columns: 0 to 1 hr.
– Beams, Girders, Trusses, and Arches: 0 to 1 hr.
– Roof: 0 to 1 hr.
– Floors: 0 to 1 hr.
 TYPES OF FIRE RESISTIVE

• TYPE 4. Wood Construction – The construction in which the exterior wall

or bearing wall, roof and floor are wholly or partially made of wood.

– Exterior and Interior bearing walls shall have at least minimum of the
following fire-resistance ratings.

– Exterior Bearing Walls: 2 hrs.

– Interior Bearing Walls: 1 to 2 hrs.

 TYPES OF FIRE RESISTIVE

• TYPE 1. Fireproof Construction – Construction of buildings that that resist

fire damage and prevent the spread of fire.
– Fire-Resistance Requirements have the following rating as a range;

– Exterior Bearing Walls: 3 to 4 hrs.

– Interior Bearing Walls: 2 to 4 hrs.

– Columns: 2 to 4 hrs.

– Beams, Girders, Trusses, and Arches: 2 to 4 hrs.

– Roof: 1-1/2 to 2 hrs.

 COMMONLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION

• TIMBER – Wood is the oldest material used by humans for construction after
stone.

• BRICK – Bricks are used for building and pavement all throughout the world.

• STONE – The usage of stone in a fire resistive construction should be strictly

restricted.

• STEEL – The steel has a very low fire resistance value.

• CONCRETE – Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water,

aggregate, and cement.

• GLASS – Glass is an amorphous solid material which is often transparent and

has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage.

• PLASTER OR MORTAR –Is a building material used for coating walls and
ceilings
COMMONLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION
 Safe Electrical Demolition and Circuit Removal

Why Would You Do a Circuit Removal or Demolition?

– Renovating or improving home and office spaces are situations which

often arise. Electrical demolition on a commercial scale is particularly
common, and it is also commonly required if you have damaged or
outdated electrical equipment.

How is Circuit Removal or Electrical Demolition Made Safe?

– Live wires are usually involved when removing these systems. It is not
only installing electrical features or work that is difficult. The removal
is similarly complicated and risk-fuelled.
 Safe Electrical Demolition and Circuit Removal

What About a Permit?

– You’ll need a permit to carry out this type of extensive electrical work.
Repair, alteration or construction work for residential or commercial
properties generally requires you to pay a building permit fee.
 How to construct streets/roads?
1. Planning- Many people, including engineers and construction experts,
must be involved in figuring out what type of road should be made
2. surveyors and construction experts will develop solid plans for
the road to be built.
3. Capital to produce materials and equipments. Such as Huge earth-
moving machines must be used to create a solid foundation for
the road to be built. Without a solid foundation, any road that is built will
fail long before its expected lifespan.
• The most common materials used for paving roads are asphalt and
concrete. Factors such as cost and type and amount of traffic will determine
which material will be used.

• Asphalt uses an oil-based substance called bitumen to make sand and

crushed rock stick together like glue. After the asphalt is heated to about
300° F, it is transported to the construction site, where construction crews
spread and compact it onto the foundation already in place.

• Concrete also uses sand and crushed rock, but it's held together with
cement. Workers must pour liquid concrete into special steel molds called
forms. As it dries, a special finishing machine vibrates it to make it settle
evenly and then trims it to the correct height.
How to demolish Streets/Roads?
A. It is unlawful for any person to place, maintain, or store any materials,
structure, shelter, enclosure, or other personal property on public property
for a period of twenty-four (24) hours or more that is owned or used by
the City including undeveloped land.

B. For the purposes of this section, the term “shelter” includes, without
limitation, any tent, tarpaulin, lean-to, sleeping bag, bedroll, blankets, or
any form of cover or protection from the elements other than clothing.
C. Materials and equipment necessary for work to be done under a permit
shall not be placed or stored on public property so as to obstruct free and
convenient approach to and use of any fire hydrant, fire or police alarm
box, utility box, catch basin, or manhole or so as not to interfere with any
drainage of any street or alley gutter.
• Concrete and mortar are both used in building projects but there are some
differences in their composition and therefore their strength which means
they should not be interchanged and one should not be used as a substitute
for the other. Basically concrete is stronger and more durable so it can be
used for structural projects such as setting posts whereas mortar is used as
a bonding agent for bricks, stones, etc.
• Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand just like mortar. However
concrete also has gravel and other coarse aggregates that makes it stronger
and more durable. Concrete has a low water-to-cement ratio and is a
thinner consistency than mortar. Concrete is often reinforced with steel
when used a structural support of a building. However concrete can also
be supported by the ground such as steps, sidewalks, concrete, appliance
pads. It is ideal for setting posts such as fence posts, mailbox posts,
basketball posts, deck posts, lamp posts, and swing sets.
• Mortar, which is a mixture of water, cement, and sand, has a higher water-
to cement ratio than concrete. It has a thicker consistency which makes it a
great adhesive and bonding agent for bricks and tiles. Mortar mix can be
used for construction and repair of brick, block, and stone for barbecues,
pillars, walls, tuck-pointing mortar joints, and planters.
 How long should a mortar be mixed? Should all ingredients be mixed at the
same time?

• Most masons mix mortars using a paddle mixer. The appendix to ASTM C
270 Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry recommends that
3/4 of the required water, 1/2 the sand, and all the cementations materials
be briefly mixed together first. Then the balance of the sand and water is
added. The mortar should be mixed a minimum of 3 minutes and a
maximum of 5 minutes after the last water has been added to the mix. The
standard states that over mixing can change the mortar's air content.
 How long should a mortar be mixed? Should all ingredients be mixed at the
same time?

• The Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspectors Handbook,

published by the Masonry Institute of America and the International
Conference of Building Officials, says to mix mortar by first mixing 1/2
the water and 1/4 of the sand, then adding the cement, lime, color, and
remaining water and sand. It recommends that all of the ingredients be
mixed for not less than 3 nor more than 10 minutes.
 When working with mortar mixes, always wear eye protection and
waterproof gloves.

Step 1
Measure the recommended water amount for the number of bags to be
added to the mixer and pour half of the water into the mixer (an 80-pound
bag of Mason Mix will require about 5 quarts of water). If using liquid
cement color, add to the mixing water.

NOTE: add the water to the mixer before adding the dry mix.
Step 2
Add the dry mix into the mixer and allow the mortar to mix for about a
minute, then add the remaining water as necessary.
Step 3
Continue to mix for 3-5 minutes, until a uniform, workable consistency is
achieved.
Step 4
Let the mortar sit undisturbed for about 3-5 minutes to allow the fine
aggregate in the mix to fully saturate

TIP: if additional water is needed, add small amounts of water sparingly.

Step 5
Test the consistency of the mortar by gently “snapping” the trowel
downward to remove any excess mortar. The proper consistency is
achieved when the wet mortar will "hang" on a trowel held at a 90° angle.
The key factor in sidewalk longevity is the quality of construction. Even a
concrete sidewalk can fail after several years if poor materials are used and
good design and construction practices are ignored.

Here are some tips for ensuring problem-free walkways that will give you
decades of good performance.
1.Proper compaction and preparation of the sub grade beneath the sidewalk
is essential. Uniform compaction diminishes differential settlement of the
concrete sidewalk and reduces the chance of crack development
2. It's much better to place a granular sub base layer between the compacted
sub grade and the concrete slab to provide more uniform support and to
bridge over minor sub grade defects.
3. In cold temperatures, protect newly poured concrete sidewalks from
freezing for at least five days after placement.
4.In warm temperatures, wet curing or the application of a liquid membrane-
forming curing compound is needed to retain adequate moisture in the
concrete while its strength is developing

5. To minimize cracking, control joints should be cut into the slab at spacings
of about 4 feet transversely across the length of the sidewalk and to a depth
of about one-quarter the slab thickness.

6. Be careful about tree location. The roots of large trees can damage
sidewalks by causing uplift of the slab.
There are ways to enhance your canopy (we are using here metal canopies)

• They are structurally sound.- First and foremost, your metal canopy
needs to carry out the basic function of protecting and sheltering
what’s underneath it. Canopies shield buildings and customers from
sun, hail, wind, sleet, snow, rain, and more.

• *The three types of metal canopies – flat, sloped, and curved – are all
engineered to satisfy specific building codes and standards, with the
architectural plan designed to meet these specifications.
• They have visual appeal.- Beyond carrying out

basic protective functions, modern canopies can

be designed in a multitude of ways to

incorporate attention-grabbing colors and

uncommon materials.

• *Coordinate both canopy design and color to

match your building’s overall style as well as its

other metal elements. Different shapes, lights,

colors, textures, and identifying graphics

(without any need for add-on sign structures)

are all important considerations that can help

your structure to stand out above the rest.

•They’re customizable.-The sky is truly the limit
for customized canopies, and a unique
architectural design can communicate a variety
of branding messages to meet your company
needs. For example, a large structure with mixed
colors and materials could help showcase a bold
brand on a storefront, while a simple metal
awning could extend restaurant real estate to
accommodate outdoor seating for guests.
 How to build canopy?

• A canopy is an overhead roof structure that has open sides. Canopies are
typically intended to provide shelter from the rain or sun, but may also be
used for decorative purposes, or to give emphasis to a route or part of
a building.

• *Canopies typically incorporate a fabric, glass or metal covering. They

may be translucent, transparent or opaque.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

1. Call your utility companies- Always

call your local utility companies to
make sure there aren't any
underground utilities beneath the
concrete. Hire a professional if there
are. Digging above a utility line like
gas or electric can be very
dangerous.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

2. Use safety equipment- Concrete

removal creates hazardous dust and
sharp fragments, so protect yourself
and your coworkers with safety
goggles, dust masks or respirators,
steel toe or other heavy boots, thick
gloves, and thick clothing that
covers your arms and legs.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

3. Cover the slab with plastic sheets to

protect fragile items-Be careful
when using plastic sheets, as they
can sometimes create a slipping or
tripping hazard. However, sheeting
can be worthwhile if you're
breaking up concrete near fragile
items or structures.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

4. Obtain a large pry bar- Whether

you're using a sledgehammer or
jackhammer, you'll likely need to pry
apart the pieces of concrete as you
break them apart.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

5. Use a sledgehammer for thin

slabs- If your concrete is 4 in (10
cm) thick or less, try using a
sledgehammer. Start at any
existing cracks or at a corner or
edge, and keep in mind that thick
concrete will be easiest to break
closer to its outer edges.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

6. Dig underneath slabs that are difficult

to break. Undermining," or
removing soil beneath the slab, will
make the cement break more easily.
Use a shovel to clear out the soil
beneath the lip of the concrete, then
strike it with your hammer.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

7. Deal with any mesh or reinforcing

bars you encounter-You may
encounter supports inside the
concrete after you start cutting.
Deal with them as you separate
the chunks of concrete:
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

8. Use the rubble as fill.- If you have a

large hole in your yard, use some of
the rubble to fill it back again. Cover
any pipes or other objects with soil
first to avoid damaging them with
backfilled concrete.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

9. Use a heavy-duty wheelbarrow or

hand truck.- Move the rubble to a
larger disposal container using a
heavy-duty wheelbarrow. Concrete is
very heavy and can break light
wheelbarrows.
 Demolishing Walkways and Canopy

10. Rent a dumpster from a disposal

company.- If you want to get rid of a
large amount of concrete, this is your
best bet. Many disposal companies
have a reduced rate for disposing
clean broken concrete.
• A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot, whether walking or running. In
some communities, those traveling using tiny wheels such as roller
skates, skateboards, and scooters, as well as wheelchair users are also
included as pedestrians. In modern times, the term usually refers to
someone walking on a road or pavement, but this was not the case
historically.
 Road design impact on safety
• The design of road and streets has a key role in pedestrian safety. Roads are
too often designed for motorized vehicle without taking into account
pedestrians and bicycle needs. The non-existence of sidewalk and signals is
a source of risks for pedestrians, this defect might more easily be observed
on arterial roadways, intersections and fast-speed lanes without adequate
attention to pedestrian facilities
 Types of Pedestrian
Outdoor pedestrian networks
- Pedestrians share some footpaths with horses and bicycles: these paths may
be known as bridleways. Other byways used by walkers are also accessible
to vehicles. There are also many roads with no footpath. Some modern towns
are designed with the network of sidewalks and cycle paths almost entirely
separate from the road network.
 Types of Pedestrian
Indoor pedestrian networks
- Connect the different rooms or spaces of a building. Airports, museums,
campuses, hospitals and shopping malls might have tools allowing for the
computation of the shortest paths between two destinations.
 How to demolish Pedestrians?
Pedestrian traffic shall be protected by a railing on the street side when the
walkway extends into the roadway, by a railing adjacent to excavations and by
such other protection.