Road Construction Methods

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
PRESENTED BY:
ENGR. KHALID A. MALIK
ENGINEER II, CONSTRUCTION DIVISION
DPWH REGIONAL OFFICE IX
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. DPWH STANDARD 4. PREPARATORY WORKS

SPECIFICATIONS (BLUEBOOK)
2. ROAD DEFINITION AND

5. CONSTRUCTION METHODS
CLASSIFICATION
3. ROAD COMPONENTS 6. Q & A

DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
 A set of specifications provided to serve as a standard
reference material to be used in the implementation of
infrastructure projects in order to guarantee the highest
quality of its projects.
VOLUME TITLE
I REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
II FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS
III FOR BUILDINGS, PORTS AND HARBORS, FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE
STRUCTURES AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
IV PROJECT QUALITY ASSURANCE

VOLUME II
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES
AND AIRPORTS
Part Item No. Description
PART A FACILITIES FOR THE ENGINEER
PART B OTHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
PART C EARTHWORK
100 Clearing and Grubbing
101 Removal of Structures and Obstructions
102 Excavation
103 Structure Excavation
104 Embankment
105 Subgrade Preparation
106 Compaction Equipment and Density Control Strips
107 Overhaul
VOLUME II
AND AIRPORTS
PART D SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE
200 Aggregate Subbase Course
201 Aggregate Base Course
202 Crushed Aggregate Base Course
203 Lime Stabilized Road Mix Base Course
204 Portland Cement Stabilized Road Mix Base Course
205 Asphalt Stabilized Road Mix Base Course
206 Chemically Stabilized Road Mix Subbase Course
207 Portland Cement Treated Plant Mix Base Course
208 Aggregate Stockpile
VOLUME II
AND AIRPORTS
PART E SURFACE COURSES
300 Aggregate Surface Course
301 Bituminous Prime Coat
302 Bituminous Tack Coat
303 Bituminous Seal Coat
304 Bituminous Surface Treatment
304A Slurry System for Road Surface Treatment
305 Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
306 Bituminous Road Mix Surface Course
307 Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course - General
308 Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course, Cold Laid
VOLUME II
AND AIRPORTS
PART E SURFACE COURSES (cont.)
309 Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture)
310 Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid
311 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
313 Rock Asphalt, Hot Laid

VOLUME II
AND AIRPORTS
PART G DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES
500 Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
501 Underdrains
502 Manholes, Inlets and Catch Basins
503 Drainage Steel Grating with Frame
504 Cleaning and Reconditioning Existing Drainage Structures
505 Riprap and Grouted Riprap
506 Stone Masonry
507 Rubble Concrete
508 Hand-Laid Rock Embankment
509 Sheet Piles
VOLUME II
AND AIRPORTS
PART G DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES (cont.)
510 Concrete Slope Protection
511 Gabions and Mattresses
512 Erosion Control Mats, Roving, and Cellular Confinement Systems
513 Permanent Ground Anchors
514 Shotcrete (Concrete Spray)
515 Mechanically-Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining Walls
516 Wet Stone Masonry (Cobble Stone)
517 Drain Pipe
520 Hydroseeding
VOLUME II
AND AIRPORTS
PART H MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
600 Curb and/or Gutter
601 Sidewalk
602 Monuments, Markers and Guide Posts
603 Guardrail
604 Fencing
605 Road Sign
606 Pavement Markings
607 Reflective Pavement Studs
608 Topsoil
609 Sprigging
VOLUME II
AND AIRPORTS
PART H MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
610 Sodding
611 Tree Planting
612 Reflective Thermoplastic Stripping Material (Solid Form)
613 Concrete Joint Sealant (Hot-Poured Elastic and Cold Applied Types)
614 Waterstops
618 Reflectorized Thermoplastic Rumble Strips
620 Chevron Signs
622 Coconet Bio-Engineering Solutions
ROAD DEFINITION :
 A thoroughfare, route or way on land between two places that has
been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some
form of conveyance.
 It serves as medium in transporting goods and commodities from
one place to another, and as communication link which brings
economic development to a nation.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION :
USAGE
NATIONAL ROAD (PRIMARY):
 Under the responsibility of
national government thru DPWH,
minimum RROW of 20 m.
 Directly connects major cities (at
least around 100,000 people).
Cities within Metropolitan Areas
are not covered by the criteria.
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

Road and Bridge Inventory Web App
USAGE
NATIONAL ROAD (SECONDARY):
 Under the responsibility of
national government thru DPWH,
 Directly connects cities to
national primary roads, except in
Metropolitan Areas.

USAGE
NATIONAL ROAD (TERTIARY):
 Other existing roads under DPWH
which perform a local function.

ROAD CLASSIFICATION : USAGE
PROVINCIAL ROAD:
 Under the responsibility of provincial government, minimum
RROW of 15 m.
 Connect cities and municipalities without traversing national
roads.
MUNICIPAL/CITY ROAD:
 Under the responsibility of municipal/city government,
 Roads that provide inter-barangay connections to major
municipal/city infrastructure without traversing provincial roads.
BARANGAY ROAD:
 Under the responsibility of municipal/city government,
 Other public roads w/in barangay not covered in the afore-
mentioned definitions.
EXPRESSWAYS:
 Highways with limited access, normally with interchanges; may
include facilities for levying tolls for passage in an open or
closed system.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION : SURFACE COURSE
EARTH ROAD :
 Simplest form of road.
 Constructed by shaping and smoothing the natural soil
traversed by the road line.
GRAVEL ROAD :
 Constructed from natural gravel with a sufficient amount of
good quality soil which serves as binder.
ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT :
 Flexible pavement.
 Composed of bituminous materials, aggregates, mineral filler
and hydrated lime.
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT :
 Rigid pavement.
 Composed of cement, fine and course aggregates and water.
ACP vs PCCP :
ACP PCCP
 Loads are distributed in small areas  Loads influence large areas

 Structural capacity is sum of multiple layers  Structural capacity is supplied mainly by the
 Easy and rapid construction slab itself
 Quiet and comfortable ride  Needs curing time
 Durable to heavy loads
ROAD COMPONENTS :
 Subgrade
 Subbase and Base Course
 Surface Course
 Drainage and Slope Protection Structures
 Miscellaneous Structures
ROAD COMPONENTS
SUBGRADE :
 It is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the
undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere
placed as fill.
 It is compacted during construction for road stability.
ROAD COMPONENTS
SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES :
 These are individual stabilizing layers of selected material and
designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to distribute
the load transmitted from the surface course.
ROAD COMPONENTS
SURFACE COURSES :
 It is the uppermost structural component of the roadway which
provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due to traffic load.
 It provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable
durability and is appropriately crowned to prevent rain water from
penetrating into the subgrade.
ROAD COMPONENTS
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES :
 It is located beneath or alongside the roadway used in
collecting, transporting and disposing of surface water
originating in or near the road right-of-way.
ROAD COMPONENTS
SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES :
 It is constructed along the side of the roadway to stabilize the
slopes either above or below the elevation of the roadway.
ROAD COMPONENTS
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS :
 These are other works that improve the usability and safety of a
particular roadway for both motorists and pedestrians.
PREPARATORY WORKS :
 Pre-Construction Conference
 As-Stake Survey
 Temporary Facilities
 Access and Detour Road
PREPARATORY WORKS
PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE :
 Coordination between the contractor and
the DPWH staff.
 Discussion on specifications, unusual
conditions, contractor’s plans and
schedule of operation and other pertinent
items to be better familiarized with the
project.
 Strategic locations of field office, stockpiles
and storage of materials and equipment.
PREPARATORY WORKS
AS-STAKE SURVEY
 Determines the actual position of the road structure based on
the plans.
 Helps in determining what necessary deviation should be
undertaken.
PREPARATORY WORKS
Plans that govern an infrastructure project:
 Original Plans
 As-Staked Plans
 As-Built Plans
PREPARATORY WORKS
TEMPORARY FACILITIES
(A) DPWH SIDE
 Facilities for the Engineer
 Office, Quarters and Laboratory for the Engineer
PREPARATORY WORKS
TEMPORARY FACILITIES
(B) CONTRACTOR’S SIDE
 Field Office
 Equipment Yard
 Fabrication Area/Shop
 Workmen’s Quarters
 Storage/Warehouse
PREPARATORY WORKS
ACCESS AND DETOUR ROAD
(A) ACCESS ROAD
 It is a road by which a job is
connected to the highway system
and is generally used in connection
with borrow pits.
 It is built for each isolated piece of
job it services.
PREPARATORY WORKS
ACCESS AND DETOUR ROAD
(B) DETOUR ROAD
 It diverts traffic from any existing
roadway whenever the construction
operations block the flow of traffic.
 They are to be maintained, so that
they will have sufficient durability to
remain in good condition and carry
the required traffic at any weather
condition for the entire duration that
the detour is required.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
PART I : EARTHWORK
PART II : SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES
PART III : SURFACE COURSES
PART IV : DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION
STRUCTURES
PART V : MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
PART I – EARTHWORK
(Most Commonly Used Items of Work in DPWH Projects)
Item 100: Clearing and Grubbing
Item 101: Removal of Structures and Obstructions
Item 102: Excavation
Item 103: Structure Excavation
Item 104: Embankment
Item 105: Subgrade Preparation
CONSTRUCTION METHODS : EARTHWORK
ITEM 100 : CLEARING AND GRUBBING
 It is the removal and disposal of all
surface objects along the roadway
prior to any earth-moving activity.
 It covers the removal of materials
above the ground surface and
removal of embedded materials.
 It is necessary in shaping the ground
prior to the start of any excavation or
placing of embankment.
TYPES :
 Clearing and Grubbing (with Stripping)
 Individual Removal of Trees
a. Small : Over 150 mm. to 900 mm Ø (Height of 1.4 m)
b. Large : Over 900 mm Ø (Height of 1.4 m)
Disposal of Debris
The Contractor shall coordinate with the PE regarding identification of disposal sites in
compliance with the provisions stated in the Environmental Clearance Certificate
(ECC) issued by the DENR.
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS :
 Dump Truck (10.00 m3)
 Pay Loader (1.50 m3)
 Bulldozer (165.00 hp)
 Backhoe (0.80 m3)
 Chain Saw
 Minor Tools
1. Construction limits/right-of-way limits shall be provided with stakes as
reference in determining the vertical/horizontal control.
2. Site visit to the disposal area shall be made by the PE and
contractor prior clearing and grubbing work.
3. Trees that are selected for preservation must be protected, while
trees that are needed to be cut/balling shall be identified by the PE.
4. Scarify up to a depth of 150mm (6 inches) the existing roadway and
segregate the roots, stumps and other unsuitable materials for
proper disposal.
5. For road carriageway, bulldozer shall be used to attain the
maximum efficiency, while the backhoe shall be used along the side
ditches and/or edges of the construction limit.
6. Haul the excavated materials to the designated approved disposal
area or to the stockpile of the contractor.
7. Regular inspection shall be made by the PE on a daily basis to
monitor contractor’s compliance to Construction Safety & Health
requirements (D.O. # 135, Series of 2015).
8. Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe of the fill slopes
or beyond rounding of cut slopes for the entire length and provided
it is within the right of way limits of the project.
ITEM 101 : REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND
OBSTRUCTIONS
 It consist of the removal wholly or in
part, and satisfactory disposal of all
structures within the construction site
and right-of-way limit which are not
designated or permitted to remain. It
shall also include the salvaging of
designated materials, and backfilling
the resulting trenches, holes and pits.
ITEM 101 : REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS
TYPES :
 Existing Pavements
 Existing Drainage Structures
 Underground Waterlines
 Electrical Post and Lines
 Cable and Telephone Lines
 Residential Houses and Buildings
 Backhoe w/ Breaker (0.80 m3)
 Minor Tools
1. Removal of obstructions both overhead and underground utilities
shall be undertaken simultaneously with the clearing and grubbing.
2. Overhead utilities shall be given priority that will obstruct temporary
bridges and detour roads.
3. The PE shall ensure that the contractor complies with all aspects of
demolition operation.
ITEM 102 : EXCAVATION
 It consist of roadway drainage and
borrow excavation, and the disposal
of materials for grading and draining
the roadway.
 It also includes loading, hauling and
placing the excavated materials
from roadway cuts to construct
embankments or disposal to a
designated location.
TYPES :
 Unsuitable Excavation
 Surplus Common Excavation
 Surplus Rock Excavation
 Surplus Unclassified Excavation
 Bulldozer (165.00 hp)
 Pay Loader (1.50 m3)
 Pneumatic Drilling Machine
 Blasting Equipment and Accessories
1. Construction limits shall be provided with stakes as reference in
determining the vertical/horizontal control.
2. Survey the existing ground to compare the data as reflected in the
approved plans.
3. Excavate the roadway to the required elevation.
4. If unsuitable materials are encountered, excavate the roadway up
to the stable soil. Quantify the volume of the unsuitable materials
and conduct testing for such materials for record purposes.
ITEM 103 : STRUCTURE EXCAVATION
 It is the excavation, removal and
satisfactory disposal of all materials
for the foundation of bridges,
culverts, underdrains and other
structures.
TYPES :
 Structure Excavation
 Bridge Excavation
 Foundation Fill
 Excavation Ordered Below Plan Elevation
 Shoring, Cribbing and Related Works
 Pipe Culverts and Drain Excavation
 Minor Tools
1. Prior to structure excavation, clearing and grubbing shall have been
performed.
2. Trenches for structures shall be excavated to the lines and grades or
elevations as shown on the Plans.
3. For Pipe Culverts: The width of the excavation shall be at least 300
mm greater than the horizontal outside diameter of the pipe.
4. Rock or other hard foundation materials shall be cleaned all loose
materials, and cut to a firm surface.
5. Foundation surface shall provide a firm foundation of uniform
density throughout the length of the culvert.
ITEM 104 : EMBANKMENT
 It is the work or volume of material
necessary in the formation of
embankment roadway thru the use
of suitable materials which may be
sourced along the road traverse or
borrow from an outside source.
 The materials are compacted to a
specified degree of compaction to TYPES :
form a stable embankment.  From Excavation
 From Borrow
 Motorized Road Grader (140.00 hp)
 Vibratory Roller (10.00 mt)
 Payloader (1.50 m3)
 Water Truck (16,000 L)
1. Clearing and grubbing and subgrade preparation must be
completed prior to spreading of embankment materials.
2. Before start of embankment works, cross section survey is
undertaken to represent the actual ground elevation and recorded
in a field book for ready reference.
3. Spread the material in thin layers of 200 mm. (loose measurement)
with appropriate crown/cross slope to ensure proper draining of
surface water when it rains.
4. Compaction shall be done by rolling using a vibratory road roller
with a minimum weight of 10 tons.
5. Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from the sides to
the center, parallel to the center of the road and shall continue until the
whole surface has been rolled up to the number of passes required where
a minimum density of 95% is attained. During the progress of rolling, a
minimum overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be observed for each
succeeding parallel pass to ensure level compacted surface.
6. Conduct one group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT) for each 500 sq.
m. or fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to meet the minimum
95% density, additional rolling shall be undertaken until such time that the
required compaction is obtained.
7. For saturated material, windrowing shall be undertaken and proceed with
rolling up to the desired compaction.
ITEM 105 : SUBGRADE PREPARATION
 It is the portion of the earth roadbed
which receives and supports the sub
base or base course materials.
 It is the repeated operation of
grading and compacting the full
width of the roadway prior to
undertaking any overlying structural
layers. TYPES :
 Cut Section
 Fill Section
1. Culverts, cross drains, ditches, drains and drainage outlets shall be
completed prior to the preparation of the subgrade.
2. The subgrade is constructed to the desired lines and grades in
accordance with the plans and cross-sections.
3. All undesirable materials such as roots, large rocks, etc. shall be
removed.
4. The succeeding structural layers shall proceed immediately after the
preparation of the subgrade.
5. Rolling/ compaction operation shall progress gradually from the
sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road and shall
continue until the whole surface has been rolled up to the number
of passes where a minimum density of 95% is attained. During the
progress of rolling, a minimum overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be
observed for each succeeding parallel pass to ensure level
compacted surface.
6. Conduct one group of three (3) in-situ density tests (FDT) for each
500 sq. m. or fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to meet
the minimum 95% density, additional rolling shall be undertaken until
such time that the required compaction is obtained.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS :
PART II - SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE
Item 200: Aggregate Subbase Course
Item 201: Aggregate Base Course
CONSTRUCTION METHODS : SUBBASE & BASE COURSE
ITEM 200 : AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
 It is the structural sub-layer material of a roadway placed
directly on top of the sub-grade to provide a strong foundation
to support the pavement.
 It accepts greater compressive strength than the subgrade.
1. Check the subgrade, if it is already completed in accordance with
the plans and specifications before proceeding with the laying of
subbase course materials.
2. Provide blue-top at every 20 meters interval (marked staked) for
vertical control reference and to be placed along the side of the
roadway or permanent structures within the road traverse.
3. Laying and spreading shall be done using a road grader on a
prepared subgrade in a quantity which will provide the required
compacted thickness.
4. Appropriate crown slope/cross slope shall be maintained during
laying and spreading operation to ensure proper draining when rain
occurs.
5. Compaction shall be done using a vibratory road roller or tandem
roller with a minimum weight of 10 tons. A maximum compacted
thickness for any layer shall not exceed 200 mm. (D.O. #. 70, Series
of 2016).
6. No laying, spreading, rolling and compaction operation shall be
done when it is raining or when the laid sub base course material is
fully saturated.
compacted surface.
8. Check the allowable tolerance for the completed sub base course
material prior to the start of the succeeding structural layer. The
allowable tolerance for thickness of layer is plus or minus 20 mm.
the minimum 100% density, additional rolling shall be undertaken
until such time that the required compaction is obtained.
10. For saturated sub base course material where 100% compaction
cannot be attained, windrowing of the laid sub base layer shall be
undertaken and allow it to dry up to its optimum moisture content,
and proceed with rolling up to the desired compaction.
11. If laid sub base course material is too dry, watering/sprinkling with
water using water truck shall be done uniformly so that the desired
compaction will be achieved.
ITEM 201 : AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
 In flexible pavement, it is the load-carrying portion and provides the
structural capacity to bituminous concrete slabs by carrying the load and
distributing it to the soil under the layers of asphalt concrete.
 The life and riding qualities of asphalt concrete surface depends directly
on the care exercised in the construction of aggregate base course.
1. Check the preparation of the existing surface if it is already
completed in accordance with the plans and specifications before
proceeding with the laying of base course material.
2. Laying and spreading shall be done using a road grader on a
prepared subgrade/subbase in a quantity which will provide the
required compacted thickness.
3. Appropriate crown slope/cross slope shall be maintain during laying
and spreading operation to ensure proper draining when rain
occurs.
4. Compaction shall be done using a vibratory road roller or tandem
roller with a minimum weight of 10 tons. A maximum compacted
thickness for any layer shall not exceed 200 mm. (D.O. #. 70, Series
of 2016).
compacted surface.
6. No laying, spreading, rolling and compaction operations shall be
done when it is raining or when the laid base course material is fully
saturated.
the minimum 100% density, additional rolling shall be undertaken
until such time that the required compaction is obtained.
8. Check the allowable tolerance for the completed base course
material. The allowable tolerance for thickness of layer is plus or
minus 10 mm.
PART III - SURFACE COURSES
Item 301: Bituminous Prime Coat
Item 302: Bituminous Tack Coat
Item 310: Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid
Item 311: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
CONSTRUCTION METHODS : SURFACE COURSES
Design Mix/ Job Mix and Trial Paving :
ACP – 50.00m
CONCRETE:
DESIGN MIX
PCCP – 9.00m
PAVEMENT
START MATERIAL TEST PASSED? TRIAL MIX TRIAL SECTION
TESTING
ASPHALT:
JOB-MIX
ACQUIRE NEW
MATERIALS PASSED?
 At least thirty (30) days before the start of any paving APPROVAL
operations, the contractor shall construct a trial section
using the trial mix design. START PAVING
 The trial section shall be located either on an outside area END
or on actual construction lane site.

 Once a design/job mix is approved, the contractor shall
not modify proportions of the various materials, capacity of
equipment and methodology without the prior approval of
the engineer.
ITEM 301 : BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT
 It is a thin bituminous material applied on a porous base before
laying a surface course. It serves to stabilize the base material by
plugging its capillary voids.
 Minimum penetration requirement = 3.55 cm.
TYPES :
 Rapid Curing (RC) Cut-back Asphalt, (Cold Climate)
 Medium Curing (MC) Cut-back Asphalt, (Moderate/Warm Climate)
APPLICATION TEMPERATURE : 32°C (min.) to 68°C (max.)
 Asphalt Distributor, 10 ft. wide (5 T)
 Power Broom (2 m. wide)
1. Check the base, if it is already completed in accordance with the
plans and specifications before proceeding with the application of
prime coat.
2. Apply the prime coat using asphalt distributor at a rate of 1 to 2 liters
per square meter.
3. Prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of at least 24 hours.
4. Extend the prime coat at least 30 cm. beyond the edge of each
side.
5. Observe the time of penetration after application. If the base
absorbs all prime coat within 1 to 3 hours, reapply prime coat.
ITEM 302 : BITUMINOUS TACK COAT
 As the name implies, it provides a “tacky” surface applied on
an existing road pavement before the application of the hot
mix asphalt course.
TYPES :
 Rapid Curing (RC) Cut-back Asphalt
 Emulsified Asphalt
APPLICATION TEMPERATURE : 10°C (min.) to 71°C (max.)
 Asphalt Distributor, 10 ft. wide (5 T)
 Power Broom (2 m wide)
1. Prior to the application of the bituminous tack coat, the PE shall
designate the beginning and ending points of the area to be
covered by each tack coat application and shall coordinate the
timing of the tack coat and the HMA paving.
2. Prior to the application of the bituminous tack coat, the surface shall
be slightly sprayed/sprinkled with water but not saturated.
3. Apply the tack coat using asphalt distributor at a rate of 0.2 to 0.7
liters per square meter.
4. Tack coat shall be left undisturbed for a few hours until “tacky”.
5. Traffic shall be kept off the tack coat at all times.
ITEM 310 : BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE, HOT LAID
 It refers to the mixture of bituminous material (5% to 8%) and compacted mass of
mineral aggregates (92% to 95%).
 The exact percentage to be used is established by the “Job Mix Formula”.
APPLICATION TEMPERATURE : 107°C (min.)
 Asphalt Paver (80.00 hp)
 Pneumatic Tire Roller (10.00 mt)
 Tandem Steel Roller (10.00 mt)
 Minor Tools
1. Three (3) weeks prior to production, the contractor shall submit in
writing a “job-mix formula”.
2. Before placing the bituminous mixture (HMA), the existing surface shall
be cleaned of loose deleterious materials by means of brooming or air
compressor.
3. The bituminous mixture (HMA) shall be spread and distributed to the
grade and elevation in accordance with the approved plans by
means of an Asphalt Paver over the entire width or partial width of the
paving surface as may be practicable.
4. The longitudinal joint in one (1) layer shall be offset that in the layer
immediately below approximately 15 cm.
5. The joint in the top layer shall be at the center line of the pavement if
the roadway comprises of two (2) lanes.
6. Mechanical spreading shall be used on areas with irregularities or
unavoidable obstacles.
7. The mixture shall be placed at a temperature not less than 107°C as
measured in the truck just prior to damping into the spreader. When tar
is used, the mixture shall be placed at between 66°C and 107°C.
8. Rolling/compaction shall begin at the sides and proceed longitudinally
parallel toward the road centerline, each trip overlapping one-half the
roller width, gradually progressing to the crown of the road. The speed
of the roller shall not exceed 5 km per hour.
9. For paving in abutting a previously placed lane, the longitudinal joint
shall be rolled first followed by the regular rolling procedure.
10. On super-elevated curves, the rolling shall begin at the low side and
progresses to the high side overlapping of longitudinal trips parallel to
the center line.
11. The initial or breakdown compaction is done by a tandem-smooth-
wheeled roller (not less than 10 tons) while the final compaction and
smoothing is done by a pneumatic-tired roller (not less than 10 tons).
12. Rolling shall be continued until roller marks are eliminated and a
minimum of 97 mass percent of the density of the laboratory
compacted specimens has been obtained.
13. Shoulders are completed as soon as possible after completion of
surface course on any lane used by traffic.
14. Transverse joints shall be formed by cutting back on the previous run
to expose its full depth.
15. Brush coat of bituminous material shall be used on contact surfaces
of transverse joints before additional mixture is placed against the
previously rolled material.
16. Samples of full depth, 150 mm. x 150 mm. or 100 mm. diameter shall
be taken from the finished pavement by saw or core drill for
thickness and density determinations.
17. At least one (1), but not more than three (3) samples, shall be taken
for each full day’s operation.
18. No acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed
asphalt pavement unless core test for thickness determination is
conducted.
19. The compacted pavement shall have a thickness tolerance of -5
mm. Thickness in excess of the specified thickness shall not be
considered in the payment.
ITEM 311 : PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
 It is constructed by casting in place, on a prepared foundation, a concrete slab with the
top finished to provide a smooth and durable wearing surface for traffic.
 It is a mixture composed of Portland Cement, Fine Aggregates, Coarse Aggregates and
Water. The specific quantities of each component are determined in the “Design Mix”.
APPLICATION TEMPERATURE : 32°C (max.)
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS : (Conventional Method)
 Transit Mixer (5.00 m3)  Water Truck (16,000 L)
 Concrete Vibrator  Concrete Saw (7.50 hp)
 Batching Plant (30.00 m3)  Bar Cutter, Single Phase
 Payloader (1.50 m3)  Minor Tools
 Concrete Screeder (5.50 hp)
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS : (Conventional Method)
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS : (Using Slip-Form Paver)
 Batching Plant (30.00 m3)  Water Truck (16,000 L)
 Concrete Paver, Four-Track  Concrete Saw (7.50 hp)
 Transit Mixer (5.00 m3)  Dump Truck (10.00 m3)
 Payloader (1.50 m3)  Bar Cutter, Single Phase
Note : D.O. # 02, series of 2013

Use of Slip Form paver on projects whose cost of Item 311 is Php 50M and above.
Effective July 1, 2013: Slip-Form Paver must be with built-in or separate mechanical
surface texture finisher (broom finisher).
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS : (Using Slip-Form Paver)
1. Before concrete paving operation start considering that the road
foundation are properly prepared, check over the job to determine the
adequacy of the following details:
a. Condition of subbase or base course as to compaction and geometric
control;
b. Working condition of major equipment such as concrete paver, concrete
batching plant, transit mixers, concrete vibrator and screeder;
c. Number and types of hand and finishing tools;
d. Provision for curing; and
e. Number of workers to place, finish and cure the concrete.
2. The steel forms after setting to the correct grade, it shall not deviate
from the true line by more than one (1) cm. at any point.
3. During hot weather condition, steps shall be taken to prevent the
temperature of mixed concrete from exceeding the maximum
temperature of 32°C.
4. Concrete not in place within ninety (90) minutes from the time the
ingredients were charged into the mixing drum or that has
developed initial set shall not be used.
5. Concrete shall be deposited in such manner to require minimal re-
handling.
6. Concrete shall be unloaded into an approved spreading device
(Height = 1.50 m., maximum) and mechanically spread on the grade in
such manner as to prevent segregation.
7. Workmen shall not be allowed to walk in the freshly mixed concrete
with boots or shoes coated with earth or foreign substances.
8. Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated along faces of all forms by
means of vibrators inserted in the concrete in a vertical position.
9. Vibrators shall not be permitted to come in contact with a joint
assembly and the vibrator shall not be operated longer than 15
seconds in any one location.
10. Placing of concrete should be continuous. A construction joint shall
be required when there is an interruption of more than thirty (30)
minutes in the concreting operations.
11. Concrete finishing shall be done using a longitudinal float after the
concrete has been consolidated to remove excess water.
12. Brooming operation shall be executed that the corrugations
produced in the surface shall be uniform in appearance and not
more than 1.50 mm. in depth.
13. As work progresses, at least one (1) set consisting of three (3)
concrete beam test specimens, 150 mm. x 150 mm. x 525 mm. shall
be taken from each 330 sq. m. of pavement, 230 mm. depth, or
fraction thereof placed each day.
14. Curing of concrete shall be done for a period of 72 hours in
accordance with either one of the following methods:
a. Cotton or Burlap Mats
b. Waterproof Paper or Polyethylene Sheets
c. Earth or Straw Curing
d. Curing Compound
15. Steel forms shall remain in place undisturbed for not less than twenty-
four (24) hours after concrete pouring. Crowbars shall be used in
pulling out nails and pins but care shall be exercise not to break the
pavement edges.
16. Cutting of Contraction Joints/Weakened Plane Joints shall be done
within twenty-four (24) hours after concrete pouring using cooled
diamond edge saw blade. It shall be provided by sawing grooves
in the surface of the pavement with width not more than 6 mm.
and depth of not less than 50 mm.
17. Joints shall be cleaned of all foreign materials and then sealed with
asphalt sealant/emulsion (using hot-poured joint filler or blown or
oxidized asphalt per D.O. # 91, series of 2016) soon after
completion of the curing period before the pavement is opened to
traffic.
18. The newly poured concrete pavement shall be protected against
rain by means of covering materials, and protect against traffic by
posting warning signs, lights and signage.
19. Acceptance of the concrete will be considered satisfactory if the
averages of all sets of three (3) consecutive strength test results
equals or exceed the specified strength and no individual strength
test result is deficient by more than 15% of the specified strength.
20. The concrete pavement will not be opened to traffic until the test
specimens molded and cured have attained the minimum strength
requirements.
21. The thickness of the pavement will be determined by measurement
of cores from the completed pavement.
ITEM 311 : PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT (JOINTS)
1. Longitudinal Joint :
a. 1 lane construction
b. With keyway
c. Use tie bars (Deformed bars)
2. Expansion Joint :
a. Prevents buckling
b. Requires Expansion Joint Filler (19 to 25 mm. thick at full depth of
the slab)
c. Use dowel bars (Plain round bars)
3. Contraction Joint / Weakened Plane Joint :
a. Relieve tensile stresses
b. Prevents random cracking
c. No reinforcement required
4. Construction Joint / Cold Joint :
a. Interruption of 30 minutes on concreting operation
b. Placed at the contraction joint or within the middle third of the
concrete block
c. Use dowel bars (Plain round bars)
Size, Length and Spacing of Dowel/Tie Bars
Note: Refer to D.O. # 32, series of 2016 re: “Guidelines on the Use of
Dowel Bars in PCCP” using Dia. = 36 mm. / Length = 600 mm.
ITEM 311 : REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PCCP SLABS
Notes :
 D.O. # 54, series of 2012 re: “ Guidelines on Reblocking of
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)
 D.O. # 40, series of 2014 re: “ Prescribing Minimum Design
Standard for PCCP
 D.O. # 137, series of 2014 re: “ Suspension of Application of
Dowels on Chairs as Prescribed in D.O. 40, series of 2014
1. The PE and the contractor shall conduct a joint survey to confirm
current conditions and identify the PCCP slabs to be replaced.
Concrete reblocking should be done only on pavements that are
shattered, with faulting of more than 10mm, or with severe cracks.
2. The contractor shall remove broken/deteriorated PCCP slabs in
accordance with the Plans, Specifications or as directed by the
Engineer.
3. Spoils from demolished/excavated materials shall not be allowed to
be stockpiled at the sidewalk or part of the travelled roadway and
shall be removed immediately to prevent obstruction.
4. The subgrade and subbase course are prepared in accordance
with the specifications or as directed by the Engineer.
5. Existing tie bars on longitudinal joints are to be retained if these are
still in good condition.
6. Dowels and tie bars shall be provided at transverse construction
joints and longitudinal joints, respectively. Holes of at least 10mm
diameter greater than the design dowel/tie bar diameter shall be
drilled on existing concrete pavement.
7. Install forms while the side surfaces of the existing PCCP shall be free
from loose concrete.
8. Pour concrete; perform the required surface texturing, cutting and
curing.
9. Thoroughly clean the joints and apply sealants adequately.
10. In the case of two-lane carriageways in non-urban areas and where
no detour road has been provided, breaking and restoration of
pavement shall be limited to one lane and not more than 100 meters
in length at any one time. In urban areas, breaking and restoration
of pavement shall be limited to one lane and not more than 50
meters in length at any one time.
11. Adequate barricades and traffic warning signs shall be installed and
the working area shall be adequately illuminated at night to warn
motorists of on-going construction. Flagmen shall be provided at
each end of the closed section to direct counter flow traffic.
PART IV - DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES
Item 500: Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
Item 505: Riprap and Grouted Riprap
Item 506: Stone Masonry
CONSTRUCTION METHODS : DRAINAGE AND SLOPE
PROTECTION STRUCTURES
ITEM 500 : PIPE CULVERTS AND STORM
DRAINS
 Provide adequate means of
channeling run-off and surface water
so as to prevent damage either
directly or indirectly.
 Intercept, collect and direct run-off
TYPES :
from the road, adjacent cuts and
embankment slopes.  RCPC
 RCBC
ITEM 500 : PIPE CULVERTS AND STORM DRAINS
 Plate Compactor (5.00 hp)
 Minor Tools
1. Trenches shall be excavated to a width sufficient to allow proper
jointing of the conduit and thorough compaction of the bedding
and backfill materials under and around the conduit.
2. The trench or streambed shall be shaped to fit the bottom of the
culvert.
3. The conduit laying shall begin at the downstream end of the
conduit line. The lower segment of the conduit shall be in contact
with the shaped bedding throughout its full length. Pipes are usually
laid with the bell and female ends upstream.
4. Mortar proportion for collaring is 1:2 with enough water to obtain
the desired consistency. The collar shall form a continuous bead
around the outside of the pipe and finished smooth on the inside
(flushed).
5. Suitable backfill materials shall be placed and compacted in layers
not exceeding 150 mm. (compacted) on both sides to an elevation
300 mm. above the top of the conduit.
6. Compaction to the density of 95% shall be achieved using
mechanical tampers or any tamping equipment over the entire
area of each layer.
ITEM 505 : RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP
 It is a type of slope protection using
boulders of specified size and
character which may be done with
or without grout.
 It holds in place embankment slopes,
cut slopes and other earth surfaces
TYPES :
that may either collapse or be
washed away by water.  Dry Riprap
 Grouted Riprap
 One Bagger Mixer
 Backhoe (Wheel Type, 0.28 m3)
 Minor Tools
1. The bed/trench for riprap shall be excavated to the required depths
and properly compacted, trimmed and shaped.
2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before laying the first layer of
stones/boulders for the foundation.
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the stone is bedded.
4. Each stone/boulder shall be laid with its longest axis perpendicular
to the slope in close contact with each adjacent stone/boulder.
5. The grouted riprap shall be thoroughly rammed into place as
construction progresses and the finished surface shall present an
even, tight surface.
6. When grouted riprap is specified, the spaces between the stones
shall then be filled with cement mortar (1:3) throughout the
thickness of the riprap. Sufficient mortar shall be used to completely
fill all voids, except that the face surface of the stones shall be left
exposed.
7. The surface shall be cured for a period of at least three (3) days.
8. All walls of the grouted riprap structure shall be provided with weep
holes. It shall be spaced at not more than two (2) meters center to
center in a staggered manner provided with filter cloth and granular
materials.
9. The length of the weep hole shall not be less than the thickness of the
walls of the grouted riprap structure and shall be at least 50 mm.
diameter PVC.
ITEM 506 : STONE MASONRY
 It is an structure that support soils at
slopes steeper than their angle of
repose.
 Due to resistance to earth pressure
derived from their own weight, they
are also known as “gravity walls”.
 Backhoe (Wheel Type, 0.28 m3)
 Minor Tools
1. Excavate the trench to the required depth and/or at the stable
foundation of the stone masonry structure.
2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before laying the first layer of
stones/boulders for the foundation.
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the stone is bedded.
4. Each stone shall be laid with its longest faces horizontal in full beds
of mortar, and the joints shall be flushed with mortar (1:2).
5. Provide weep holes, it shall be spaced at not more than two (2)
meters center to center in a staggered manner provided with filter
cloth and granular materials.
6. Immediately after being laid, and while the mortar is fresh, all face
stones shall be thoroughly cleaned of mortar stains and shall be
kept clean until the work is completed.
7. The surface shall be cured for a period of at least three (3) days.
8. Backfill the stone masonry when the mortar has gained sufficient
strength.
PART V - MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Item 600: Curb and/or Gutter
Item 601: Sidewalk
Item 603: Guardrail
Item 605: Road Sign
Item 606: Pavement Markings
CONSTRUCTION METHODS : MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
ITEM 600 : CURB AND/OR GUTTER
 It serves to channel storm water to inlets, catch basins, storm
sewers and ditches.
 It prevents surface water from running off the edges of the
pavement between outlets or accumulate on the road for the
proper drainage of the roadway.
TYPES : (D.O. # 62, series of 2013)
 Pre-cast (Mandatory)
 Cast-in-Place (Use Concrete Paver)
STRUCTURES
ITEM 600 : CURB AND GUTTER
 Boom Truck (2.00 – 5.00 mt)
 Minor Tools
STRUCTURES
1. Excavation shall be made to the required depth and the base upon
which the curb and/or gutter is to be set shall be compacted to a
firm and even surface.
2. For precast, the precast concrete curb and gutter shall be set in 20
mm. of cement mortar (1:2) to the line level and grade as shown on
the approved plans.
3. The precast curb and gutter shall be 1.00 m. in length and shall be
put side by side consecutively with joint in between.
STRUCTURES
4. Joints in between shall be filled with cement mortar to the full
section of the curb and gutter.
5. Minor defects for both cast-in-place and precast shall be repaired
with mortar. Plastering shall not be permitted.
STRUCTURES
ITEM 601 : SIDEWALK
 It is a concrete path along the side of a road for pedestrians to
walk on.
TYPES :
 Asphalt Sidewalk
 Concrete Sidewalk
STRUCTURES
ITEM 601 : SIDEWALK
 Concrete Vibrator
 Concrete Saw (7.50 hp)
 Minor Tools
STRUCTURES
ITEM 601 : SIDEWALK
1. Excavation shall be made to the required depth and width required
that will permit the installation and bracing of forms.
2. For asphalt sidewalk, the prepared bed course shall be applied with
prime coat prior to application of the asphalt mixture (HMA) and
then compacted by rolling with a hand operated roller.
3. For concrete sidewalk, all forms shall be staked securely in position
at the correct line and level prior to concreting. The surface shall be
cut through to a depth of 10mm with a trowel at intervals of 1.00 m.
STRUCTURES
ITEM 601 : SIDEWALK
4. D.O. # 62, series of 2013
• Expansion Joints every 36.00 m. (10 mm width, full depth)
• Saw Cut Joints every 1.50 m. (5 mm width, 40 mm deep)
STRUCTURES
ITEM 603 : GUARDRAIL
 It is installed to mark the limit of safe travel and warn of danger
beyond.
 It is used to restrain and guide an out-of-control vehicle in a
manner that will cause the least damage and not create
undue hazard to other vehicles.
STRUCTURES
 Concrete Vibrator
 Cargo Truck (10.00 mt)
 Minor Tools
STRUCTURES
1. Posts shall be set vertically and where embedded in a concrete
foundation block, shall remain undisturbed for a minimum of 48
hours.
2. Backfilling of the space around the post shall be done with
approved material in layers not exceeding 100 mm. and each layer
shall be moistened and thoroughly compacted.
3. Rail elements shall be erected in a manner resulting in a smooth
continuous installation. Bolts shall be of sufficient length to extend
beyond the nuts at least 5 mm. but not more than 10 mm.
STRUCTURES
4. Check that the guardrail elements are lapped accordingly so that
the exposed ends will not face approaching traffic.
STRUCTURES
ITEM 605 : ROAD SIGN
 These are signs erected at the side of roads or above roads to
give instructions or provide information to road users.
 It is the earliest traffic control device used to guide the safe
and orderly movement of traffic.
TYPES :
 Regulatory Sign
 Warning Sign
 Informative Sign
STRUCTURES
 Cargo Truck (5.00 mt)
 Minor Tools
STRUCTURES
Regulatory Signs - Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and
regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense.
Source: Highway Safety Design Standards Manual

STRUCTURES
Warning Signs - Warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the
road that may be unexpected or hazardous.

STRUCTURES
Informative Signs - Inform and advise road users of directions, distances,
routes, the location of services for road users, and points of interest.

STRUCTURES
1. Holes shall be excavated to the required depth to the bottom of the
concrete foundation as shown on the plans.
2. Backfilling shall be compacted in layers not exceeding 150 mm. in
depth.
3. The posts shall be erected vertically in position inside the formwork
of the foundation block prior to the placing of concrete.
4. Any chipping or bending of the sign panels shall be considered as
sufficient cause to require replacement of the panels at the
Contractor’s expense.
STRUCTURES
ITEM 606/612 : PAVEMENT MARKINGS/REFLECTORIZED
THERMOPLASTIC
 It is an essential component of the roadway for the guidance and control of
vehicles and pedestrians.
 It is used as a supplement to other traffic control devices, such as traffic signals
and road signs.
TYPES :
 Longitudinal
 Transverse
 Oblique
STRUCTURES
ITEM 606 : PAVEMENT MARKINGS
 Cargo Truck
 Applicator Machine
 Kneading Machine
 Minor Tools
STRUCTURES
1. Painting of lane markers and traffic strips shall include the cleaning
of the pavement surfaces, drying and protection of the paint
coatings from traffic.
2. Paint shall not be applied during rain or wet weather or when the air
is misty. Paint shall not be applied upon damp pavement surfaces,
or upon pavement which has absorbed heat sufficient to cause the
paint to blister and produce a porous film of paint.
STRUCTURES
3. The application of paint shall be carried out by a machine
especially made for this purpose.
4. (606) Traffic paint shall be applied to the pavement at the rate of
0.33 liters per square meter.
5. (612) The material shall readily extrude at a temperature of 211±7°C,
to produce a line 3.2 to 4.8 mm thick which shall be continuous and
uniform in shape having clear and sharp dimensions.
6. It must dry sufficiently to be free from cracking in from 15 to 30
minutes.
THANK YOU!!!
QUESTION AND ANSWER
1.Three cores taken from a pavement section poured on a single day were tested to have
strength as follows:
Core
1 3650
2 3000 86% of 3500 psi
3 2450 70% of 3500 psi
Average 3033 87% of 3500 psi
If the required strength is 3500 psi concrete are represented by the cores
a. Maybe accepted, subject to price adjustment
b. Is considered adequate
c. Is considered inadequate
d. May be recored at the initiative of the implementing office
2. Final compaction and smoothing of item 310 should be done by a
a. pneumatic – tired roller
b. Sheep foot roller
c. Vibratory roller
d. Tandem smooth wheel roller
3. The contractor shall submit in writing a job-mix formula for the mixture supported by
the laboratory test data along with samples of resources of components and viscosity-
temperature relationship to the Engineer for testing and approval at least ____.
a. two weeks
b. three weeks
c. one week
d. four weeks
4. Vibration (vibrator) shall operate a frequency of 8,300 to 9,600 impulses per minute under
load at a maximum spacing of ___cm.
a. 30 cm
b. 50 cm
c. 60 cm
d. 40 cm
5. The minimum flexural strength requirement of beam sample when tested by midpoint method is ________.
a. 4.5 Mpa
b. 3.5 Mpa
c. 5.0 Mpa
6. _______ determines the consistency of concrete.
a. Slump Test
b. Consolidation test
c. Viscosity
7. A project is about to be started, but the as-staked plan shows a reduction in length or
shortening of the proposed structure. What should the Project Engineer do?
a. Issue Notice to Proceed and disregard the as-staked survey
b. Proceed with work, reflect the underrun in the as-built plan
c. Suspend work and request for review if redesign is needed
d. Recheck the as-staked plan
8. How often can progress payment be requested by a contractor?

a. once a month
b. twice a month
c. as soon as an item of work is completed
d. as often as he desires
9. After a typhoon, a dam measuring 250 meters suffered a 40-meter breach equivalent to P4.8 million. You
found out that it is impossible to close the gap before the onset of rainy months, which may result in total
collapse of the dam. If you are the new Project Engineer, what will you do?
a. risk 3-shift operation to attain maximum accomplishment
b. suspend the project and resume after the rainy months
c. armor the breached section with gabion-mattress and spur dike, to utilize gap as
diversion channel
d. introduce a crash program sacrificing quality
10.The Ph value of water that is acceptable for use in

concrete mix is
a. 2.0 to 3.1
b. 3.2 to 4.4
c. 4.5 to 8.5
d. 8.6 to 10.0

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ROAD CONSTRUCTION

1. DPWH STANDARD 4. PREPARATORY WORKS

2. ROAD DEFINITION AND

3. ROAD COMPONENTS 6. Q & A

I REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT

II FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS

IV PROJECT QUALITY ASSURANCE

PART E SURFACE COURSES (cont.)

309 Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture)

310 Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid

311 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

313 Rock Asphalt, Hot Laid

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

 Loads are distributed in small areas  Loads influence large areas

 The trial section shall be located either on an outside area END

or on actual construction lane site.

Note : D.O. # 02, series of 2013

Source: Highway Safety Design Standards Manual

Source: Highway Safety Design Standards Manual

Source: Highway Safety Design Standards Manual

8. How often can progress payment be requested by a contractor?

10.The Ph value of water that is acceptable for use in

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