Sewerage Systems

SOME BASIC TERMS

SEWAGE: - It is the liquid waste or
wastewater produced as a result water use .
SEWER: - It is a pipe or conduct for carrying
sewage. It is generally closed and flow takes
place under gravity
SEWERAGE:- It is a comprehensive term.
This term is applied to the collection of
wastewater and conveying it to the point of
final disposal with or without treatment
 SOURCES OF WASTEWATER

• DOMESTIC: It is wastewater from residential

buildings, offices, and institutions etc. The quality
these wastewater characteristics are approximately
uniform but quantity is different.
• INDUSTRIAL: It is liquid wastewater from industrial
processes like dying, papermaking, fertilizers,
chemicals lather etc. The quality and quantity both are
different from industry to industry.
• STROMWATER: It include surface run off generated
by rainfalls and street wash.
 TYPES OF SEWERS
• Sanitary Sewer: Sewer which carries sanitary
sewage i.e. Wastewater originating from a
municipality including DOMESTIC and
INDUSTRIAL Wastewater.
• Storm Sewer: It carries storm sewage including
surface runoff and street washes.
• Combined Sewer: It carries domestic, industrial
and storm sewage.
• House Sewer: Pipe conveying sewage from
plumbing system of a building to common /
municipal sewer.
 TYPES OF SEWERS
• Lateral Sewer. It receive discharge from
house sewer.
• Submain Sewer. It receive discharge from
one or more laterals.
• Main / Trunk Sewer. Receive discharge
from two or more submains.
• Outfall Sewer:Receive discharge from all
collecting system and convey it to the point
of final disposal (e.g. Water Body).
DISPOSAL OF WASTEMATERIAL ON
LAND AND WATER BODIES

• Liquid wastes may be disposed of in a

number of ways (before giving at least
secondary level treatment)
 - Surface waters (Rivers, Lakes etc)
 - On land
 COMPONENTS OF WASTE WATER
ENGINEERING

•Collection system
•Disposal works
•Treatment works
 Wastewater Treatment
• Municipal wastewater treatment are usually primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment
• Primary treatment consists of removing suspended
solids. Secondary treatment consists of bio-oxidizing
organic suspended and inorganic dissolved solids. A
complete treatment unit of wastewater consists of
screening, grit removal, primary clarifier, activated sludge
treatment and disinfection.
• Tertiary treatment of secondary effluent consists of
providing further treatment to increase the quality of
effluent.
 Wastewater Treatment
The coarse solids are removed by screening, while sand and silt are
removed by grit chamber. Sedimentation further removed suspended
solids, and the primary effluents are mixed with the return activated
sludge and then flow to the aeration tank. Bio-oxidation of organic
matter occurs in the aeration tank, and the final clarifier removes the
biological solids, which are returned to mix with the incoming
primary effluent. Effluent from the final clarifier is disinfected. The
sludge and waste activated sludge are further treated to dewatered and
is disposed of in sanitary landfill
 TYPES OF SEWEARAGE SYSTEMS
• Separate system:- If storm water is carried
separately from domestic and industrial waste, the
system is called separate system.
• When Favoured:- There is an immediate need for
collection of sanitary sewage but not for storm
sewage.
• Combined system:- A system in which sewer carry
both sanitary as well as storm sewage.
• When favoured:-
• When combined sewage can be disposed off without
treatment
• When both need treatment.
• When streets are narrow and two separate sewerage
 TYPES OF SEWEARAGE SYSTEMS

• Partially combined: If some portion of storm or

surface runoff (from roof, roads, open spaces etc)
is allowed to be carried along with sanitary
sewage, the system is know as partial combined
system.
Note:-In urban areas mostly partially combined
system is used:-

Domestic Wastewater +
Rain Water

Municipal
Street Sewers
 INFILTRATION
• It is the water that enters sewer through poor
joints, cracked piped and walls and covers of
manholes. Infiltration is almost non-existent in
dry weather but it will increase during rainy
seasons. In dry season if sewer is below water
table infiltration will take place.
• Infiltration rates > 45 lit/Km of sewers / day / mm dia
(EW Steel)
• WASA: - 225mm – 610mm
• Infilt = 5% of Avg Sewage flow
• > 610 mm = 10% of Avg Sewage flow
 SEWAGE FLOW / QUANTITY

• Sanitary and industrial sewage is

derived from water supply so it has a
relationship with amount of water
consumption. Generally 80 ~ 90% of
water consumption is taken as
wastewater.
 DESIGN PERIODS
• Collection works. Period of design is
“INDEFINATE” as the system is
designed to care for the maximum
development of the area. Design flow
depend on type of system.
• 2. DISPOSAL WORKS. Design period
is usually 10 years. Rates of flow
required are average flow, peak and
minimum flow rates including
infiltration.
 DESIGN PERIODS
• TREATMENT WORKS. Design period
is 15 to 20 years. Flow rates required
are average and peak rates both
including infiltration
 SEWER CONSTRUCTION
Following are the steps: -
– Marking of sewer lines (done with chalk
powder to demarcate the correct alignment of
sewers).
– Excavation of trenches.
Min width of trench = 1.5D + 300
(D = dia on mm)
– Bracing of trenches (optional)
Usually done when the trench become very
deep or strata is very loose. Bracing avoid
caving in of trench walls thus preventing
– Dewatering (optional)
Done when sewer is to be laid under water
table.
– Shifting of levels.
Done by using levels, staff rod, threads,
peg etc.
 PCC Pipes
Normally used for small storm drains and sanitary
sewers. Specifications used are ASTM.
Size = 100mm ~ 610mm
4” ~ 24”
Class = I II III
Weakest Strongest

Wall thickness = Wall A B C

Thin Normally Thick
 RCC Pipes
Normally used for sanitary and combined sewers.
Size = 225mm ~ 4570mm
9” ~ 180”

Class = Available in five classes

I II III IV V
Weakest Normally used Strongest

Wall thickness =Wall A B C

Thin Normally used Thick
 STRENGTH OF RCC PIPE

Three edge bearing test is used to measure

the strength of RCC pipes. Load is applied on
pipe to produce a crack of 0.25mm thickness.
Load

I - beam Wooden Block

Pipe

Strength of pipe is expressed as KN / Linear

meter.
 LOADS ON PIPES

The static load produced on buried pipe may be

calculated by using the following equation:
W = C w B2
Where
W = Load on pipe per unit length
w = Weight on fill material per unit
volume, kg / m3
B = Width of trench at the top of pipe
C = A coefficient which depends upon soil
characteristics
-
 SEWER BEDDINGS

Purpose:
– To save pipe from settlement in case of
weak soils
– To increase load carrying capacity of pipe
Failed at almost loading three bearer test Failed at greater to then three edge bearing test

L.F = 1.1

Quadrant
L.F = 1.5
 Sewer Bedding
If sewers are simply laid by placing the pipe barrel
on the flat trench bottom, the pipe will not be able to
support a load significantly greater than the 3-edge
bearing test.
However, if the bedding touches at least the
“LOWER QUADRANT” of the sewer and back fill
material is carefully temped around the sides of pipe,
the supporting strength of pipe is significantly
increased.
LOAD FACTOR, express this increase in strength
and numerically
L. F = Load carrying capacity / 3-edge strength
 Load factor and Beddings
• Various beddings normally used by
PHED and WASA along-with their
load factors are shown below:
Brick Ballast Crushed Stone
1” = 1 ½ “ gauge 3/4” = 1 ½ “ PCC 1:2:4

Backfill (Tamped)

1’

D/4 D/4
D/4
D/4 Min 4”
D/4
L.F = 1.7 L.F = 1.9 L.F = 3
Class C-Bedding Class B-Bedding Class A-Bedding