Pullies, Vee belts,

Chains and Clutches

 Belts
Size range center distance
T=0.75 to 5 mm No upper limit

d= 3to 19 mm No upper limit

A=13 to 38 mm
B=8 to 23 mm Limited
2β= 34o to 40o

p=2 mm and up Limited

FLAT BELT
CROWN ON PULLEY
VEE BELT
V-BELT AND PULLEY
Vee Belts
TIMING BELT
 Timing Belt

Timing belts transmit power at the constant angular velocity ratio, application
when precise speed ratio is important
 SYNCHRONOUS BELTS (TIMING BELTS)

Synchronous belts are toothed belts where timing is guaranteed by the

presence of the teeth. Load is transferred both by the teeth and the belt core.
Synchronous belts – Shape of teeth

Purpose of tooth
optimization is:

-Decrease of noise
-Increase of maximum load
-Increase of life (less wear)
-Increase of maximum
speed

Each profile has its own

characteristics
SYNCHRONOUS BELTS – TOOTHED PULLEYS
ROUND BELT
Open belt drive
OPEN BELT DRIVE WITH IDLER
PULLEY:
Cross belt drive.
MULTIPLE BELT DRIVE:
QUARTER TURN BELT DRIVE:
COMPOUND BELT DRIVE:
FLAT BELT DRIVES WITH PARALLEL SHAFTS
FLAT BELT DRIVES WITH PERPENDICULAR SHAFTS
LOCATION OF IDLER PULLEYS
LOCATION OF IDLER PULLEYS
STEPPED OR CONE PULLEY DRIVE:
FAST AND LOOSE PULLEY DRIVE:
 Desirable properties of materials
used for belt
• High coefficient of friction
• High flexibility
• Durability
• High strength
 Belts are made from fiber reinforce
urethane or rubber-impregnated fabric
reinforced with steel or Nylon

• Flat belts has to operate at higher tension

than the V belt
• V belt speed should be in the range of 7000
fpm.
• V belts are slightly less efficient than flat belts,
but it can transmit more power.
 Materials
• Leather
• Fabric
• Rubber
• Polyster or polyamide
• Balata
 Method of belt tensioning
• In order to transmit the power, the belt must be provided
with the sufficient initial tension. The power transmitting
capacity of the belt drive also depends upon the initial
tension.
• Some of the method use to adjust the belt tensions are as
follows:-
1. Manual adjustment
2. Pivoted overhung motor
3. Weighted idler pulley
 Manual adjustment

• The position of motor and hence the initial tension can be

adjusted manually with the help of the screw and nut
adjustment.
 Pivoted overhung motor

• The belt tension is due to the product of the weight of the

motor and the moment arm.
 Weighted Idler Pulley

• The idler pulley is held against the belt by its own weight and
the adjustable weight.
• By changing the position of the adjustable weight, the
required belt tension can be achieved.
 Inroduction to chain drive
• Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical
power from one place to another. It is often used
to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle,
particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also
used in a wide variety of machines besides
vehicles.
• Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller
chain known as the drive chain or transmission
chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the
teeth of the gear meshing with the holes in the
links of the chain.
 Advantages of chain drive
• As no slip takes place during chain drive, hence perfect velocity ratio is
obtained.
• Since the chains are made of metal, therefore they occupy less space in
width than a belt or
rope drive.
• It may be used for both long as well as short distances.
• It gives a high transmission efficiency (upto 98 percent).
• It gives less load on the shafts.
• It has the ability to transmit motion to several shafts by one chain only.
• It transmits more power than belts.
• It permits high speed ratio of 8 to 10 in one step.
• It can be operated under adverse temperature and atmospheric
conditions.
 Limitations of chain drive
• The production cost of chains is relatively
high.
• The chain drive needs accurate mounting and
careful maintenance, particularly lubrication
and slack adjustment.
• The chain drive has velocity fluctuations
especially when unduly stretched.
Roller chain drive
Inverted tooth chain drive
Inverted Tooth or silent chain
• Inverted tooth drive chains
– Inverted tooth drive chain are the optimal solution
for requirements exceeding those met by other
chains (e. g. roller chains). They allow for low-
backlash drives with exact positioning. They are
also highly effective, inured to vibration and have
minimal noise emission.
Chain Drives
 Chain Drives
• Roller Chain Construction (Most common Type)
ROLLER CHAIN TERMINOLOGY
Chain drives - Sprockets
SPROCKETS
 Chain drives - definitions

Chain = sequence of inner link and pin link articulated to form a flexible device
for power transmission

Main parameters:

- Pitch: distance between two consecutive pins

- Roller diameter: dimension of the outside diameter of the chain rollers
- Inside width: distance between the two opposite inner sides of the inner link
plates
 Chain drives - layout
While belts can be used on 3D paths, chain only works on planar paths
Chain drives - Tensioners
 Chain drives - Characteristics

Pros:

- Good timing
- High loads
- Lower winding angle (lower center axis)

Cons:

- Cost (relative to belts)

- Lower speed (< 10 m/s)
- Frequent maintenance (lubrication)
- Noise
 Chain drives - Dynamic
Chordal action

Vibration is induced in the chain by the

vertical movement of the chain due to
the fact that it can bend only at the
pitch point.
 Lubrication of chain
• It is very important for the effective and
durable functioning of chains.
• The chains are lubricated by light or medium
mineral oils like SAE30.SAE40,SAE50
• Methods of lubrication
1. Manual
2. Drip
3. Oil bath
4. Oil stream
CHAIN DRIVE WITH LONG CENTER DISTANCE
 Belts vs. Chains
Belts
Chains

Use When: High Speed, Low T High T, Low Speed

Speed: 2500 < Vt < 7000 ft./min. V < 1500 ft./min.

Must design with standard Must be lubricated,

Dis: lengths, wear, creep, wear, noise, weight,
corrosive environment, slip, vibration
temp., when must have
tension need idler

Advs: Quiet, flexible, cost Strength, length

flexibility
 Brakes and clutches are essentially the
same devices. Each is associated with
the rotation

• Brakes, absorb kinetic energy of the

moving bodies and covert it to heat
• Clutches Transmit power between two
shafts
Clutches
Brakes
GEAR-TEETH TERMS
MESHING OF GEAR TEETH
WORKING DRAWING OF A SPUR GEAR
BEVEL GEAR
NOMENCLATURE
WORKING DRAWING OF A BEVEL GEAR
BEVEL GEAR ASSEMBLY
WORM GEARS AND WORMS
WORKING DRAWING OF A WORM AND WORM GEAR
 Transmissions

Characteristic Friction Spur Flat Trapezoidal Toothed Chains

wheel gears belts belts belts
Max power [kW] 80 80e3 200 350 120 400
Max torque [kNm] 5 7000 3 5 1 40
Max linear speed [m/s] 20 20 100 30 60 10
Efficiency 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95
Power function os speed y n y y y y
Max ratio (1 stage) 6-18 6-10 6-8 6-10 6-10 6-10
Tensioning required y n y y n n
Load on bearing high low high high low low
Build precision average high low low low average
Presence of sliding y n y y n n
Noise low average low low low high
Overload limiter y n y y n n
Cost low high low average average average