POWER SYSTEM-II

UNIT-6: High Voltage Transmission

STANDARD TRANSMISSION VOLTAGES

• Voltages adopted for transmission of bulk power have

to conform to standard specifications
• formulated in all countries and internationally. They are
necessary in view of import, export,
• and domestic manufacture and use. The following
voltage levels are recognized in India as per
• IS-2026 for line-to-line voltages of 132 kV and higher.
• Nominal System
• Voltage kV 132 220 275 345 400 500 750
• Maximum Operating
• Voltage, kV 145 245 300 362 420 525 765
• There exist two further voltage classes which
have found use in the world but have not
been accepted as standard.
• They are: 1000 kV (1050 kV maximum) and
1150 kV (1200 Kv maximum).
• The maximum operating voltages specified
above should in no case be exceeded in any
part of the system, since insulation levels of all
equipment are based upon them.
It is therefore the primary responsibility of a design
engineer to provide sufficient and proper type of
reactive power at suitable places in the system.
For voltage rises, inductive compensation and for
voltage drops, capacitive compensation must
usually be provided.
As example, consider the following cases.
• In generating station electrical power is
generated at medium voltage level that ranges
from 11 kV to 25 kV.
• This generated power is sent to the generating
step up transformer to make the voltage level
higher.
• From this point to the user end voltage level
varies in different levels. We can realize this
voltage level variation step by step.
• At 11 kV or more than that up to 25 kV voltage
level is maintained at alternator stator terminals
to generate electrical power in the generating
station.
• This generated power is fed to the generating
step up transformer to make this medium
voltage level to higher level, i.e. up to 33 kV.
• Power at 33 kV is sent to the generating
substation. There the transformer increases
the voltage level to 66 kV or 132 kV.
• From this generating substation power is sent
to the nearer substation to increase the
voltage level higher than previous. This level
of voltage is increased at different suitable
levels, it may be at 400 kV or 765 kV or 1000
kV. This high voltage or extra high voltage level
is maintained to transmit the power to a long
distant substation. It is called primary
transmission of power.
• At the end point of primary transmission of power, in the
substation, the step down transformers are used to step
down the voltage level to 132 kV. Secondary transmission
of power starts from this substation.
• Power transformer at the end of the secondary
transmission, just makes 132 kV voltage level steps down to
33 kv or 11 kV as per requirement. From this point, the
primary distribution of power starts to distribute power to
different distribution stations.
• At the end of the primary distribution, the distribution
stations receive this power and step down this voltage level
of 11 kV or 33 kV to 415 V (Line Voltage). From these
distribution stations to consumer ends, 415 V is kept to
sustain for utilization purpose.
 Type of Power Lines

• From the very beginning of power generation

to the user end transmission lines are broadly
classified based on different voltage levels.
• Why High Voltage is used for Long Transmission Line?
• Generally long distant transmission lines are designed to
operate at high voltage, extra high or ultra high voltage
level. It is because of line power loss reduction purpose.
• Practically long distant transmission line resistance is
comparatively more than medium and short transmission
line. Due to this higher valued transmission line resistance
considerable amount of power is lost. So we need to
decrease the amount of current through each conductor by
making the operating voltage very high for same amount of
power transmission.
Voltage level
 HVAC

• Now-a-days electrical energy is generated,

transmitted and distributed in AC form. Especially
for long distant transmission line high voltage AC
is transmitted for several reasons, they are: AC
voltage can be stepped up or down as per
requirement easily by transformer.
• Maintenance of AC substation is easy and
cheaper.
• Throughout electrical power system AC voltage is
handled. So no extra hazard of rectification or
inversion like DC voltage transmission.
 Why HVDC is Used for Long
Transmission Line?
• High Voltage DC is used at extra or ultra high
voltage level. HVDC transmission is used at
fixed level of voltage in primary transmission
only as it cannot be stepped up or down by
transformer.
• Only in long distant transmission line it is
used because Only two conductors (positive
and negative) are required as compared to
three of AC transmission.
 Disadvantages of AC or HVAC
Transmission
• The main disadvantages of AC transmission
are AC lines require more conductor material
than DC.
• AC transmission line construction is more
complicated than DC.
• Effective resistance is increased due to skin
effect, hence power loss.
• Continuous power loss due to charging
current because of line capacitance.
 Why HVDC is Used for Long
Transmission Line?
• High Voltage DC is used at extra or ultra high voltage
level. HVDC transmission is used at fixed level of
voltage in primary transmission only as it cannot be
stepped up or down by transformer. Only in long
distant transmission line it is used only, because Only
two conductors (positive and negative) are required as
compared to three of AC transmission.
• Absence of inductance, capacitance and phase
displacement power loss is very less. Hence better
voltage regulation.
• Surge problem never occurs.
• No skin effect.
• Less insulation requires due to less potential
stress.
• Less corona effect, thus less power loss.
• Highly stabilized and synchronized.
 DC Link
• MONOPOLAR
• BIPOLAR
• HOMOPOLAR
MONOPLOAR DC LINK
BIPOLAR DC LINK
HOMOPOLAR DC LINK
 Disadvantage OF DC Transformer
EXPENSIVE CONVERTER
• The main disadvantages of DC transmission are Electric
power is not generated in HVDC form due to commutation
problem.
• Only HVDC is achieved for transmission from HVAC by
rectification. So special arrangement is required for this
conversion.
• And these converters are much expensive.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION
• DC voltage cannot be stepped up or down for transmission.
• DC switches and circuit breakers are expensive and with
certain limitations.