CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Created by : Group 1
Ade Vian Laeli
Aisyah Rani
Anne Khairunnisa
Aulia Nur Afifah
Definition Cardiovascular
System
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular
system or the vascular system, is an organ system that
permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as
amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide,
hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body
to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize
temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
 What is the function of
cardiovascular system?
– Transportation of materials
– Protection from pathogens
– And regulation of the body’s homeostasis.
 Cardiovascular System Diseases

– Atherosclerosis – High cholesterol

– Heart attack – Heart failure
– Mitral valve prolapse – High blood pressure
– Mitral valve regurgitation (hypertension)

– Mitral stenosis – Stroke

– Angina pectoris – Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

– Arrhythmia and dysrhythmia – Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

– Cardiac Ischemia – Aortic aneurysms.

HYPERTENSION
(High Blood Pressure)
 Definition of hypertension

High blood pressure is a common condition in which the

long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high
enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as
heart disease.
 Symptoms
Most people with high blood pressure have no signs or symptoms, even if
blood pressure readings reach dangerously high levels.
A few people with high blood pressure may have headaches, shortness of
breath or nosebleeds, but these signs and symptoms aren't specific and usually
don't occur until high blood pressure has reached a severe or life-threatening stage.
 Causes
– Obstructive sleep apnea
– Kidney problems
– Adrenal gland tumors
– Thyroid problems
– Certain defects you're born with (congenital) in blood vessels
– Certain medications, such as birth control pills, cold remedies,
decongestants, over-the-counter pain relievers and some
prescription drugs
– Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines
 Risk Factors

– Age
– Race
– Family history
– Being overweight or obese
– Not being physically active
– Using tobacco
– Too much salt in your food
– Too little potassium in your diet
– Drinking too much alcohol
 Complications

– Stroke
– Heart attack
– Aneurysm
– Heart failure
– Thickened, narrowed or torn blood vessels in the eyes.
– Metabolic syndrome
– Trouble with memory understanding
– Dementia
 PATHWAY

– patients with arterial hypertension may have an increase in cardiac output, an

increase in systemic vascular resistance, or both. In the younger age group, the
cardiac output is often elevated, while in older patients increased systemic
vascular resistance and increased stiffness of the vasculature play a dominant
role. Vascular tone may be elevated because of increased α-adrenoceptor
stimulation or increased release of peptides such as angiotensin or endothelins.
The final pathway is an increase in cytosolic calcium in vascular smooth muscle
causing vasoconstriction