 The rock cycle

 Rock-forming minerals
 Common minerals and their uses
 Mineral properties
 Learning Objectives
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The learners:

 Identify common rock-forming minerals using their

physical and chemical properties
 Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic
Resources and Materials of the Earth
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These are the naturally occurring materials found on
Earth that constitute the raw materials upon which our
global society exists. Earth materials are vital resources
that provide the basic components for life, agriculture
and industry.
The Earth's crust has four main components,
which are referred to as Earth's materials
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 Minerals
 Rocks
 Soil
 water
 Rock Cycle
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The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that
describes the transitions through geologic time among
the three main rock types.

 Igneous rock
 Sedimentary rock
 Metamorphic rock
Activity 
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 Identifying rocks
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It's an Igneous Rock if
• It has a bubbly, frothy or glassy texture.
• It is fine-grained, uniform and hard.
• It contains bubble-like cavities that may be lined with minerals.
It's a Sedimentary Rock if
• it contains obvious bands of different substances.
• It is soft enough to be scratched by a knife.
• It is obviously made up of different particles.
• It contains fossils.
It's a Metamorphic Rock if
• It has a fine, uniform texture.
• It contains obvious streaks or clumps of minerals.
• It is made mostly of quartz or calcite
• It doesn’t contain fossils.
• It contains minerals like garnets.
Igneous Rock
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Igneous Rock
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Igneous Rock
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Igneous Rock
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Sedimentary Rock
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 Sedimentary Rock
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 A. CLASTIC (or DETRITAL) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic sedimentary rocks form when individual grains (the sediment),
made by fragments of rocks, minerals, or shells, are cemented together
(the clastic sedimentary rock). These are the only type of rock that is
NOT made simply of crystals, but rather fragments of other materials,
broken and then reassembled together.
 B. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Chemical sedimentary rocks are crystalline, that is made of crystals
interlocked with each other. Conceptually, that is the same texture we
see in igneous and metamorphic rocks, but NOT in clastic sedimentary
rocks.
 C. BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Biochemical sedimentary rocks are formed mostly by the remains
(whole or broken) of organisms. These remains can be of different kind
and include, but are not limited to, for instance, shells, reefs and corals,
structures like echinoids' stems, plant fragments, carbon, and many
more.
Metamorphic Rock
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 Metamorphic Rock
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 Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite,
schist, and slate have a layered or banded
appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and
directed pressure.
 Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels,
marble, quartzite, and novaculite do not have a
layered or banded appearance.
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Rock-forming minerals
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Color
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Streak
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Luster
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Luster
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Density
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Cleavage
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Cleavage
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Cleavage
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Physical characteristics of minerals
Tenacity
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 Physical characteristics of minerals
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 Color- Those wavelengths of light which are reflected are perceived by
the viewer to possess the property of color
 Streak- is the color which a mineral displays when it has been ground
to a fine powder. Trace amounts of impurities do not tend to affect the
streak of a mineral, so this characteristic is usually more predictable
than color.
 Luster- relative differences in opacity and transparency
 Density-is defined as mass per unit volume
 Hardness- is defined as the level of difficulty with which a smooth
surface of a mineral specimen may be scratched.
 Cleavage- refers to the splitting of a crystal along a smooth plane.
 Fracture- takes place when a mineral sample is split in a direction
which does not serve as a plane of perfect or distinct cleavage.
 Tenacity- describes the physical behavior of a mineral under stress or
deformation.