CHAPTER 15 PART 2: DATA PROCESSING IN QUALITATIVE STUDIES

Steps in data processing

Processing Data 3 ways to write about the findings in qualitative research;
a) developing a narrative to describe a situation, episode, event
Step 1: Developing a code book or instance
b) identifying the main themes that emerge from your field notes
- book provides a set of rules for assigning numerical values to answers obtained or transcription of your in-depth interviews and writing about
from respondents them, quoting extensively in verbatim format;
- questions selected should be sufficient to serve as a prototype for developing a c) also quantify the main themes in order to provide their
code book prevalence and thus significance.

Part one: Data processing in quantitative studies
- the information collected is raw data or simply data
- to ensure the data is clean – that is free from inconsistencies and incompleteness - called editing.
- Editing - consists of scrutinizing the completed research instruments to identify and minimize, errors,
incompleteness, misclassification, and gaps in the information obtained from the respondents.
- can be reduced by; (a) Checking the contents for completeness, (b) Checking the responses for internal
consistency.
- Several ways to minimize the problems:
a) By inference
b) By Recall
c) By going back to the respondent
2 ways of editing the data; Examine all the answers to one question or variable at
a time & Examine all the responses given to all the questions by one respondent at a time.
Coding
- The methods;
1. The way a variable has been measured in research instrument (e.g. if a response to
a question is descriptive, categorical or quantitative);
2. The way you want to communicate the findings about a variable to your readers.
- a further distinction is whether the information is descriptive in nature (e.g. a case history) or is
generated through discrete qualitative categories.
- For coding quantitative and qualitative data in quantitative studies
a) Developing a code book;
b) Pre-testing the code book;
c) Coding the data
c) Verifying the coded data
Step 2: Pre-testing the code book
- A pre-test involves selecting a few questionnaires/interview schedules and
actually coding the responses to ascertain any problems in coding
Step 3: Coding the data
3 ways of coding the data:
 Coding on the questionnaires/interview schedule itself, if space for coding was
provided at the time of constructing the research instrument;
 Coding on separate code sheets that are available for purchase;
 Coding directly into the computer using a program such as SPSSx, SAS.
Step 4: Verifying the coded data
- Once the data is coded, select a few research instruments at random and record
the responses to identify any discrepancies in coding.
- Continue to verify coding until you are sure that there are no discrepancies. If
there are discrepancies, re-examine the coding.
Developing a frame of analysis
A frame of analysis should specify:
-which variables you are planning to analyze
-how they should be analyze
-what cross tabulations you need to work out
-which variables you need to combine to construct your major concepts
- which variables are to be subjected to which statistical procedures
Analysing quantitative data manually
-manual analysis is useful only for calculating frequencies and for simple cross-
tabulations.
-if you have not entered the data into a computer but want to carry out statistical
tests, they will have to be calculated manually, which may become extremely difficult
and time consuming.
-statistics depends on expertise and need to be communicate the findings in certain
way.
-if want to analyze data using a computer, should be familiar with the appropriate
program.
Step 1: Identify the main themes
- need to go carefully through descriptive responses given by your
respondents to each question in order to understand the meaning
they communicate.
- develop broad themes that reflect these meanings.
- these theme become the basis for analyzing the text of
unstructured interviews.
Step 2: Assign codes to the main themes
- dependent upon whether or not you want to count the number of
times a theme has occurred in an interview.
- should, at random, select, a few responses to an open-ended
question or from your observational or discussion notes and identify
the main themes.
- continue to identify these themes from the same question till you
have reached saturation point.
- write these themes and assign a code to each of them, using
numbers or keywords, otherwise just identify the main themes.
Step 3: Classify responses under the main themes
- go through the transcripts of all your interviews or your notes and
classify the responses or contents of the notes under the different
themes.
- also use a computer programs such as NUD*IST N6, Nvivo, etc…
for undertaking this thematic analysis.
Step 4: Integrate themes and responses into the text of your report.
-next step is to integrate them into the text of your report.
-how to integrate them into your report is mainly your choice.
- use verbatim responses to keep the ‘feel’ of the responses.
- entirely depends upon the way you want to communicate the
findings to your readers.
The role of statistics in research
- To answer the research questions in such a manner that you are
able to quantify, measure, place a level of confidence on the
findings, make an assessment of the contribution each variable has
made in bringing out change, measure the association and
relationship between various variables, and help predict what is
likely to happen in the light of current trends.