TRACTORS AND TRANSMISSION

SYSTEMS

Dr. Rossana Marie C. Amongo

Director & Asst. Prof. VII
IAE, CEAT, UPLB
TRACTORS
 Mechanical device consisting of an engine and
power transmission system. The engine ranges
from 3 hp to over 100 hp.

 Equipped with a transmission system that produces

high torque on its wheels for pulling various
implements in the farm.

 Equipped with a rotary shaft (power take-off shaft,

PTO) that produces rotary power for the operation
of rotary implements.
TRACTORS
 Equipped with a hydraulic system for lifting and
lowering (during transport) and positioning (during
operation) of various implements in the farm

 Tractors are classified as two-wheel tractor and

four-wheel tractor.
TRACTORS
 The first four-wheel tractors were brought to the
Philippines during the American occupation for
large-scale sugar cane production.

 The first two-wheel tractors were introduced in the

Philippines from Japan in the 1960s for wetland rice
cultivation.
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS
 Single-axle machine powered by an engine ranging
from 3 hp to 15 hp.

 Used for land preparation, planting, cultivating,

harvesting and transport.

 Various implements are attached to this tractor and

the operator walks behind to provide control.
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS
Classification According to Function
1. Traction type – provides pulling power through its
drawbar

Traction type hand tractor

TWO WHEEL TRACTORS
Classification According to Function

 Fitted with pneumatic tires for dry land operation.

 Fitted with steel cage wheels for wet land

operation.

 Equipped with a single-bottom moldboard plow or

two-bottom disc plow and comb-tooth harrow for
land preparation and a trailer for transport.
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS
Classification According to Function

2. Rotary type – fitted with rotary blades to cut and

pulverize the soil

Rotary type hand tractor

Source: AMTEC Test Report 2000-48
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS
Classification According to Function

 Rotary blades may be attached to a rear axle

powered by the tractor PTO for dry land operation.

 Rotary blades may be attached to a front axle

similar to a cage wheel for wet land operation. It
comes with a floating device for deep mud
conditions.

 Rotary blades may be attached to and powered by

the wheel axle itself for dry land or wet land
operation.
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS
Classification According to Function

3. General-purpose type – fitted with a drawbar for

traction work and a power-take-off (PTO) for rotary
work

General purpose type hand tractor

Source: AMTEC Test Report 2003-17
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS
Classification According to Function

 It comes with a moldboard or disc plow attached to

the drawbar.

 It comes with a detachable rotary blade assembly

powered by the PTO.

 The common general purpose tractor is of

Japanese design and comes normally with steering
clutches and multiple speed transmission including
reverse.
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS
Classification According to Function

 It comes with a moldboard or disc plow attached to

the drawbar.

 It comes with a detachable rotary blade assembly

powered by the PTO.

 The common general purpose tractor is of

Japanese design and comes normally with steering
clutches and multiple speed transmission including
reverse.
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS

Basic Components

 Prime mover
 Power transmission system
 Mounting frame
 Different control levers
 Wheels.
TWO WHEEL TRACTORS

Figure 6. Typical hand tractor and its components

Source: PAES 109-2009 (Walking Type Agricultural Tractor)
UTILIZATION OF TWO WHEEL TRACTOR IN THE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Utilization:
land preparation,
planting, Weeding/culti
vation and
weeding/cultivation transport
32%
transport
Land
Preparation
only
68%
 Two wheel tractor in the
agricultural production system

DESIGNS and MODELS of the TRACTION TYPE HAND TRACTOR

(AMTEC, TEST REPORT 1999-2009)
FOUR WHEEL TRACTORS
 Double-axle machine powered by an engine
ranging from 15 hp to over 100 hp.

 Power is delivered as draft at the drawbar, rotary at

the PTO and lifting at the hydraulic system.

 Implements are mounted on the tractor using the

hydraulic-controlled three-point hitch system.
FOUR WHEEL TRACTORS

 It is a slow moving vehicle (up to 30 kph) with high

torque on the driving wheels.

 It comes with multiple speed transmission including

reverse to accommodate various field speeds.

 The operator is provided with a seat from where the

tractor is controlled.
FOUR WHEEL TRACTORS

 The tractor is provided with various controls for its

operation: throttle lever, clutch pedal, brake pedals,
gear shift lever, steering wheel, hydraulic main
control lever (draft and position control), PTO
control lever, differential lock pedal and others.
FOUR WHEEL TRACTORS
Classified as either compact or standard type according
to the hp rating of the engine

Compact tractors – tractors with power rating

below 32 hp
Standard light tractors – 32 hp to 49 hp
Standard light-medium tractors – 50 hp to 69 hp
Standard medium tractors – 70 hp to 89 hp
Standard heavy tractors – 90 hp and above.
FOUR WHEEL TRACTORS

Compact tractors
FOUR WHEEL TRACTORS

Standard tractors
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
The transmission system is the second major
component of the tractor; the engine being the first
major component.

The transmission system provides:

draft power to the tractor through the wheels,
rotary power through rotating axles and shafts,
lifting power through the hydraulic system.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission

Direct coupling
The load is directly connected to the
engine by some kind of flange device.

Transmission efficiency: 100%

Rotation of the engine shaft is equal
to the rotation of the input shaft of the
load (N1 = N2)

Direction of rotation are the same.

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission

Belt and pulleys

Transmission efficiency is <100%

because of some slippage between the
belt and pulley.

Transmission efficiency is a function of:

belt tightness,
diameter and class of pulleys
type of belt
magnitude of power being
transmitted.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission

Belt and pulleys

The directions of rotation of the two

pulleys are the same.

Clutch action may be obtained by

shifting the belt from a loose to a tight
connection using a third pulley or other
techniques.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission

Belt and pulleys

The speed ratio between the engine

and load depends on the diameter ratio
of the two pulleys as shown in the
equation: N 1 D2
N1D1=N2D2 = 
N 2 D1

where: N1 is the rpm of pulley 1

N2 is the rpm of pulley 2
D1 is the Diameter of pulley 1
D2 is the Diameter of pulley 2
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission

Chain and Sprockets

Two sprockets are used and connected

by a roller chain.

The sprocket is characterized by a

number of teeth around its periphery.
While the chain is characterized by
rollers spaced uniformly along the
length
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission
Chain and Sprockets

Transmission efficiency is < 100%

because of chain slack.

The direction of rotation of the two

sprockets is the same.

Common examples using chain and

sprockets are the transmission of
bicycles and motorcycles.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission
Chain and Sprockets

The speed ratio between the engine

and load depends on the number of
teeth ratio of the two sprockets as
shown in the equation:
N1 T2
N1T1=N2T2 = 
N 2 T1

Where: T1 is the number of teeth of sprocket 1

T2 is the number of teeth of sprocket 2
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission
Gear System
Two gears are used without the need
for a third element by placing them
side-by-side and transmitting power
through their teeth.

Transmission efficiency < 100%

because of gear slack

Center-to -center distance between the

shafts of the engine and load is dictated
by the size of the gears.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission
Gear System

Direction of rotation of the two gears is

opposite each other.

Speed ratio may be determined using

eqn. 2.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission
Gear System

There are many different types of gears

an example of which is the spur and
bevel gears

The spur gears are used to transmit

rotary motion between parallel shafts.

Bevel gears are used to transmit

motion between intersecting shafts.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Two wheel tractor transmission system

Belt
Engine
Gear box

Driven pulley Sprocket

Chain
Axle

Drive wheel
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Two wheel tractor transmission system

The transmission system is consists of several speed

reductions.

The first speed reduction uses the pulleys and belt with
a third pulley for clutching.

The second and third speed reductions use the chain

and sprockets enclosed in a transmission box for
lubrication.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Two wheel tractor transmission system

The transmission box has two output shafts or axles

where the two traction wheels are attached.

The rpm and diameter of the wheels determine the

linear speed of the tractor.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system

Right wheel

Belt pulley
Final
drive
Transmission
gear box
Differential

Engine Clutch Hydraulic

pump Power take-off
shaft
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system

It starts from the clutch that is connected to the engine

flywheel.

The output shaft of the clutch connects to the belt

pulley, the pump of the hydraulic system, the power-
take-off (PTO) shaft and the transmission gearbox.

The output shaft of the transmission gearbox leads to

the differential.

The differential has two output shafts called left and

right axles to which the two rear wheels are connected.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system
The clutch is used to connect or Pressure spring Release lever
disconnect the load from the engine. Throw-out bearing
Flywheel
Clutch shaft
Clutch pedal
The friction clutch which is the most Crank-shaft

common type of clutch in tractors has

a coupler that utilizes the friction Pilot bearing
Release
fork
between two surfaces pressed Driven disc
together to transmit power. Eyebolt
Pressure plate
Clutch cover
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system
It consists of one plate squeezed tightly between two
other plates. The one in the middle is the driven member
and is connected to the shaft leading to the transmission
gearbox.

The other two discs are the driving members and are
connected directly to the engine.

The first driving member is the flywheel where the driven

member pushes against. The other driving member is
the pressure plate. It is fastened to the clutch cover that
is bolted to the flywheel so that they all turn together
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system

Driven Shaft Driving Shaft

Counter Shaft

FIRST SPEED THIRD SPEED

Reverse
idler gear
SECOND SPEED REVERSE

Transmission system
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system
A

B
C D
G
E F

Differential

A- Shaft E/F- Side Gears

B - Bevel pinion G- Differential Bevel Pinion
C- Ring Gear H - Axle
D- Differential Housing I- Wheel
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the forward speed (VW ) of the two-wheel
tractor (kph) if the specifications of the transmission
devices are as given below:

TRACTION
1ST REDUCTION 2ND REDUCTION 3RD REDUCTION WHEELS
N1 = 3,000 rpm N3 = N5 = N7 =
N2 = N4 = 250 rpm N6 = 75 rpm D7 = 50 cm
D1 = 10 cm T3 = T5 = 33 teeth Speed =
D2 = 30 cm T4 = 100 teeth T6 =
Solution:
N1 D2 N1 D1 (3,000 rpm)(10cm)
  N2    1,000 rpm
N 2 D1 D2 30cm

N 3  N 2  1,000rpm
N 3 T4 N 4T4 (250rpm)(100teeth)
  T3    25teeth
N 4 T3 N3 1000rpm

N 5  N 4  250rpm

N 5 T6 NT (250rpm)(33teeth)
  T6  5 5   110teeth
N 6 T5 N6 75rpm
N 7  N 6  75rpm
1km 60 min
VW  D7 N 7  (0.5m)(75rpm)( )( )  7.07kph
1,000m 1hr
SAMPLE PROBLEM
If it is desired to reduce the forward speed of the two-
wheel tractor to 3 kph, what should be the diameter of
D2 if D1 and N1 remain the same?

1ST 2ND 3RD TRACTION

REDUCTION REDUCTION REDUCTION WHEELS

N1 = 3,000 rpm N3 = N5 = N7 =
N2 N4 = N6 = D7 = 50 cm
D1 = 10 cm T3 =25 teeth T5 = 33 teeth Speed = 3 kph
D2 = T4 = 100 teeth T6 = 110 teeth
Solution:
3kph 1,000m 1hr
VW  D7 N 7  N 7  ( )( )( )  31.85rpm
x0.5m 1km 60 min
N 7  N 6  31.85rpm
N 5 T6 N 6T6 (110teeth)(31.85rpm)
  N5    106.17rpm
N 6 T5 T5 33teeth
N 5  N 4  106.17rpm

N 3 T4 NT (100teeth)(106.17rpm)
  N3  4 4   424.68rpm
N 4 T3 T3 25teeth
N 3  N 2  424.68rpm

N1 D2 N D (3,000rpm)(10cm)
  D2  1 1   70.64cm
N 2 D1 N2 424.68rpm
READING ASSIGNMENTS:

PAES 109:2000 Agricultural Machinery – Walking-

type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications. Part 1: Pull
type

PAES 118:2001 Agricultural Machinery – Four-

wheel Tractor - Specifications
QUIZ 5

1-3 Major classification of 2W tractor according to

function.
4-5 Major classification of 4W tractor according to
power ratings.
6-7 Common methods of transmission system
8-10 Different powers provided by the transmission
system