The Origin of Man and Society

Early Beginnings of Culture

and Society
 Paleoanthropology
-the study of human and pre-human fossil records , the
transitional stages from the ape-like creatures to man (evolution of man).

Paleoanthropologists
-have to begin with some idea of how an ape’s structural features
have evolved into those of a man today

Charles Darwin’s
On the Origin of Species (1859) and Descent of Man(1871)

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 This period hand Five epochs:

1. Paleocene- This epoch. Also known as ’’early recent,’’

2. Eocene-
3. Oligocene
4. Miocene
5. Pliocene

The Class Mammalian is divided into:

1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Eutheria

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1 HUMAN FOSSILS DISCOVERED
“Australopithecus” or the “southern ape” – the earliest known
fossilized creatures identified as man were discovered in a limestone
cave in Taung, South Africa.

Zinjathropus - a fossil hominid skull discovered by Louis Leaky in

1959.

JAVA MAN – also known as Pithecanthropus or the Upright ape

man was discovered in 1891 by Eugene Dubois.

“PEKING MAN” or SINANTHROPUS PEKINESIS known as Homo

Erectus pekinesis, is an example of homo erectus.

“WADJAK MAN I” was discovered by B.D van Rietschoten in 1888

on the slope of Gunung Lawu.

“Niah Man” a more advance form of hominid

“TABON MAN” a homo sapiens estimated have existed 22,000

years ago (Palispis, 2007).
 TOOLS USE BY THE EARLY MAN
1. Stone Age. This period subdivided into:
a. Paleolithic (old stone age )
b. Mesolithic (Middle Stone age)
c. Neolithic (New stone age)
2. Bronze Age
3. Iron Age

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 CLASSIFICATION
OF HUMAN RACES
1.Mongoloid (also called oriental or Mongolic) – the term mongoloid
comes from the Mongol people of east Asia. They have a mixed color
skin, yellowish and light brown on the average. Hair types and color also
vary but are usually black and straight.

2.Caucasoid or Caucasian - Have a variable skin color from the lightest

color to dark brown. Commonly referred to as the white race.

3.Negroid - has its etymological roots in the Latin word Niger meaning
“black”. Skin have yellowish brown and dark brown to hack. Have also a
curly to frizzy hair, wide nose, small ears and thick lips.

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1 CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN RACES
 THE NATURE,
CHARACTERISTICS, AND
TYPES OF SOCIETY
 A society represents as a geographical aggregate which has
boundaries, a form of government and a common culture.

Social and Anthropological Characteristics of a society:

1.Social Solidarity
2.National or Cultural Identity
3.Language
4.Hierarchical Organization
5.Large membership
6.Specific territory
7.Ability to sustain membership

Aside from the above characteristics, the New World Encyclopedia

adds that:
1.Members of society have a common goal that birds them together.
2.Members have primary means of subsistence.
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1 TYPES OF SOCIETY
 The following are considered the major types of society:

1.Hunting, fishing, and gathering society – The earliest

form of society.
2.Horticultural Society-
There are two distinct approaches to horticulture, namely:
a. Subsistence farming producing enough food to feed
the group.
B. Surplus farming producing surpluses that are
culturally valued.
3. Pastoral Society
4. Agricultural Society
5. Industrial Society
6. Post- industrial society

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 ETHNIC GROUPS:
INTERGROUP RELATIONS
AND PROBLEMS
 An Ethnic group is a category of people whose
members share a common origin and other important
elements of culture like language or religion.

MAJORITY AND MINORITY GROUP

MINORITY GROUP is a sociological group that,

because of the physical differences is regarded as
inferior and is kept, culturally, economically and
political subordinate.

MAJORITY GROUP is one that is culturally,

economically, and politically dominant.

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 PATTERNS OF INTERACTIONS

1.Conflict or the struggle over scarce resources

which are not regulated by shared rules.
2.Accommodation or a condition where two
groups coexist as separate cultures in the same
century.
3.Acculturation or the situation where the
majority group adopts the culture in the same
society.
4.Assimilation or the condition when members
of the minority group eliminate their minority
status.
 PROBLEMS IN RACE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS
1.Prejudice. Is a negative, irrational attitude towards a category of
people.
2.Discrimination. It is the unfair treatment of people who belong to a
different social group.

Causes of Prejudice
1.The authoritarian personality a person with authoritarian personality
tends to be submissive to a people with power and authority, and
antagonistic to those lower socio-economic status.
2.Socialization- prejudice is a shared meaning that we develop through
our interactions with others.
3.Scapegoating- when individuals find it difficult to achieve their goals,
they blame others for their failures and faults.

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Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and Is the color of blood, and because
lemons. In the spectrum of visible the deep sea. It is located between of this it has historically been
light, yellow is found between violet and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, danger
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