The Basics of Switching

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Role of Multilayer Switches in the

Network
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Layer 2 Switching
• Hardware-based bridging
• Wire-speed performance
• High-speed scalability
• Low latency
• MAC address
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Impact of Layer 2 Switching
• Layer 2 switched networks have the same

characteristics as bridged networks.
Benefits of Routing
• Optimal path determination

• Traffic management
• Layer 3 security

Layer 3 Switching
• Hardware-based
packet forwarding
• High-performance
packet switching
• Layer 3 security
• Policy deployment

Multilayer Switching
• Combines functionality of:

– Layer 2 switching
• High-speed scalability
• Low latency

Fast Ethernet
• Provides client access to the network

What Is Fast Ethernet?
• Built on Ethernet principles

• Runs at 100 Mbps
• Uses same frame types, lengths, and formats
• Still CSMA/CD
• Same MAC layer, new physical layer

Gigabit Ethernet
• Enhances client/server performance across the enterprise

• Connects directly to Gbps interfaces on LAN switches that
aggregate traffic from 10- or 100-Mbps segments
• Connects distribution-layer switches in each building with a
central campus core
10 Gigabit Ethernet
40 Km

Enterprise Campus Infrastructure

Selecting Layer 2 or Layer 3 Switching
Layer 2 Switching Layer 3 Switching
Cost Moderate Expensive
Complexity Simpler More complex
Versatility Less versatile More versatile
Typical uses Building Access Building Distribution

Campus Backbone Campus Backbone
• Layer 2 switching supports simple, flat networks.

• Layer 3 switching is useful in hierarchical networks that require
complex routing.
• Layer 3 switching offers advantages of equal cost routing, fast
reconvergence, load balancing, and scalability.
Small Campus Network
• Collapse the Campus Backbone and Building Distribution

submodules in the Campus Backbone submodule.
• Scale up to several Building Access switches.
Large Campus Design

Summary
• Layer 2 switches provide high-speed scalability to the

wiring closet and Campus Backbone, while multilayer
switches add additional functionality.
• Data-link layer technologies available for use with
switches include varying speeds of Ethernet.
• Switches can be deployed throughout the Campus
Infrastructure module, providing access for hosts,
implementing the distribution module, and providing the
routing functionality in the core module.
• Within the Server Farm module, switches provide access
between the Server Farm and the core.
• In the Enterprise Edge module, switches provide
functionality in the Edge Distribution, E-Commerce, and
VPN/Remote Access modules.

Getting Started with Catalyst
Switches
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Cisco IOS File System and Devices

Managing Cisco IOS Images

Verifying Memory and Deciphering
Image Filenames
Switch#show flash
Directory of flash:/
2 -rwx 401 Jan 01 1970 00:01:06 env_vars

3 -rwx 2664051 Mar 02 1993 21:58:25 c2950-i6q4l2-mz.121-11.EA1.bin
4 -rwx 108 Mar 01 1993 00:01:20 info
6 drwx 640 Mar 01 1993 00:03:16 html
19 -rwx 108 Mar 01 1993 00:03:16 info.ver
20 -rwx 1636 Mar 01 1993 11:20:55 vlan.dat
23 -rwx 2193 Mar 01 1993 00:09:57 config.text
7741440 bytes total (1101312 bytes free)
• Verify that flash memory has room for the

Cisco IOS image.

Creating a Software Image Backup
• Back up current files prior to updating flash memory.

Loading the Image from the Network

Cisco IOS copy Command
• NVRAM
• Terminal
• TFTP server
• Erase start
show and debug Commands
show debug
Processing
Static Dynamic
characteristics
Processing load Low overhead High overhead
Primary use Gather facts Observe processes

Considerations When Using debug
Commands
• May generate output in a variety of formats that

may not identify the problem
• Require high overhead, possibly disrupting
network device operation
• Useful for obtaining information about network
traffic and router status
Be careful with debug commands!

The service timestamps Command
Switch(config)#service timestamps debug datetime msec

*Mar 13 22:56:29.702: datagramsize=100, IP 25: s=172.16.1.11 (local), d=10.1.1.1
(Vlan1), totlen 100, fragment 0, fo 0, sending.
Switch(config)#service timestamps log datetime msec

*Mar 13 22:55:46.342: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

Problem: Cannot Connect Through
Console Port
• Make sure you are using the correct type of

cable.
• Make sure the terminal configuration matches
the switch console port configuration.
• Make sure the cable pinouts are correct for your
supervisor engine.

Problem: Cannot Communicate
with Other Devices
• Check:
– Cabling
– LINK LED
• Make sure that:
– Interface is configured as “no shutdown.”
– IP address, subnet mask, and VLAN membership of the
switch interface are correct.
– Management interface configuration is complete.

Problem: Cannot Communicate
with Host
• If the host is in the same subnet as the switch interface,

make sure the switch interface and the switch port are on
the same VLAN.
• If the host is in a different subnet, make sure the default
gateway is configured with the address of a router in the
same subnet as the switch interface.
• Check the status of the port connection.
• Make sure the host speed and duplex settings are
correct.
• Make sure the switch is learning the MAC address of the
host.
• If possible, connect to another port.

Problem: Cannot Autonegotiate Port
Speed/Duplex
• Make sure autonegotiation is configured on both

ends of the link.
• If autonegotiation fails when you connect a
client NIC to the switch, check the NIC and
drivers to make sure that autonegotiation is
supported.
• If autonegotiation is supported and properly
configured, turn off autonegotiation and set the
speed and duplex manually.

Summary
• In IOS, you use the copy command to transfer IOS software

images and configuration files between the switch and a TFTP
server, or to configure the switch from a file rather than
individual commands.
• As your network grows, you may want to store your Cisco IOS
images and configuration files on a central TFTP server, which
would allow you to control the number and revision level of IOS
images and configuration files you must maintain.
• Basic problems that you may encounter with a Catalyst switch
include not being able to connect through the console port, not
being able to communicate with a host, and not being able to
autonegotiate the speed and duplex mode of a port.

Configuring VLANs and VTP
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Objectives
Upon completing this module, you will be

able to:
• Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VLANs on a
switched network
• Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VLAN trunks
in a switched network
• Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VTP in a
switched network

Implementing VLANs
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Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:

• Describe the basic features and operation of VLANs on a
switched network
• Compare end-to-end and local VLANs, and determine
when to use each
• Configure static VLANs
• Configure access ports for static VLAN membership
• Verify the VLAN configuration
• Troubleshoot common VLAN problems on a switched
network

VLAN Overview
• Layer 2
connectivity
• Logical
organizational
flexibility
• Single
broadcast
domain
• Management
• Basic security
A VLAN = A Broadcast Domain = Logical Network (Subnet)

VLANs Establish Broadcast Domains
• VLANs plus routing limits broadcasts to the domain of origin.

Local VLANs
• Local VLANs generally reside in the wiring closet.

Static VLANs
• All users attached to same switch port must be in the same VLAN.
Configuring VLANs in Global Mode
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#vlan 3
Switch(config-vlan)#name Vlan3
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#end
Deleting VLANs in Global Mode

Switch(config)#no vlan 3
Switch(config)#end

Assigning Access Ports to a VLAN
Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 1/1
• Enters interface configuration mode
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
• Configures the interface as an access port
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 3
• Assigns the access port to a VLAN

Verifying the VLAN Configuration
Switch#show vlan [id | name] [vlan_num | vlan_name]
VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/5, Fa0/7
Fa0/8, Fa0/9, Fa0/11, Fa0/12
Gi0/1, Gi0/2
2 VLAN0002 active
51 VLAN0051 active
52 VLAN0052 active
…
VLAN Type SAID MTU Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 1002 1003
2 enet 100002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
51 enet 100051 1500 - - - - - 0 0
52 enet 100052 1500 - - - - - 0 0
…
Remote SPAN VLANs

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary Secondary Type Ports
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
Verifying the VLAN Port Configuration
Switch#show running-config interface {fastethernet |

gigabitethernet} slot/port
• Displays the running configuration of the interface
Switch#show interfaces [{fastethernet | gigabitethernet}

slot/port] switchport
• Displays the switch port configuration of the interface
Switch#show mac-address-table interface interface-id [vlan

vlan-id] [ | {begin | exclude | include} expression]
• Displays the MAC address table information for the specified

interface in the specified VLAN

Troubleshooting VLANs

Problem: One Device Cannot
Communicate with Another
• Use the show interface command:

– Make sure the VLAN membership of the switch
port is correct.
– If the host is in the same subnet as the switch
interface, make sure the switch interface and
the switch port to which the host is connected
are assigned to the same VLAN.

Summary
• A VLAN is a logical grouping of switch ports connecting
nodes of virtually any type with no regard to physical
location.
• An end-to-end VLAN spans the entire switched network,
while a local VLAN is restricted to a single switch.
• Static VLANs involve switch ports that you manually
assign to a particular VLAN. You can configure VLANs
using Cisco IOS commands in VLAN configuration mode.
• Once a VLAN has been defined, you can assign switch
ports to it.
• You use show commands to confirm that a VLAN and its
associated ports have been configured correctly.
• To troubleshoot VLANs, you should check the physical
connections, switch configuration, and VLAN
configuration.
Implementing VLAN Trunks
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VLAN Trunking

Switch Ports and Trunk Ports
Command Function
switchport mode access Sets the switch port to

Access port unconditionally be an access port
switchport mode trunk Sets the switch port to

Trunk port unconditionally become a trunk port
switchport mode dynamic Sets the switch port to

Dynamic port dynamically negotiate the status
(access or trunk)

802.1Q Trunking

802.1Q Frame

802.1Q and Layer 2 Encapsulation

Importance of Native VLANs

VLAN Ranges and Mappings
VLAN Range Range Usage
0, 4095 Reserved For system use only
1 Normal Cisco default
2-1001 Normal For Ethernet VLANs
Cisco defaults for FDDI

1002-1005 Normal
and Token Ring
1025-4094 Extended For Ethernet VLANs only

Configuring 802.1Q Trunking
Switch(config)#interface fastethernet 5/8

Switch(config-if)#shutdown
Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan 1,15,11,1002-1005
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#switchport nonegotiate
Switch(config-if)#no shutdown

Verifying 802.1Q Trunking
Switch#show running-config interface {fastethernet |
gigabitethernet} slot/port
Switch#show interfaces [fastethernet | gigabitethernet]

slot/port [ switchport | trunk ]
Switch#show interfaces gigabitEthernet 0/1 switchport

Name: Gi0/1
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: trunk
Operational Mode: trunk
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Operational Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: On
Access Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
Trunking Native Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
Trunking VLANs Enabled: ALL
Pruning VLANs Enabled: 2-1001
. . .

Problem: A Device Cannot Establish a
Connection Across a Trunk Link
Make sure:
• The Layer 2 interface mode configured on both
ends of the link is valid.
• The trunk encapsulation type configured on both
ends of the link is valid.
• The native VLAN is the same on both ends of the
trunk (802.1Q trunks).

Summary
• A trunk is a Layer 2 point-to-point link between

networking devices capable of Layer 2 operations. Trunks
carry the traffic of multiple VLANs or multiple networks
over a single physical link.
• 802.1Q protocol is an open standard protocol used to
interconnect multiple Layer 2-capable devices.
• 802.1Q trunks define a native VLAN for frames that are
not tagged by default.
• 802.1Q VLAN numbers are in the range 0 to 4094.
• Switch ports are configured for 802.1Q trunking using
Cisco IOS commands.
• If a problem exists with a trunking link, make sure that the
interface modes, encapsulation types, and native VLANs
are correct on both sides of the link.

Implementing VLAN Trunk
Protocol (VTP)
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VTP Protocol Features
• Advertises VLAN configuration information

• Maintains VLAN configuration consistency throughout a
common administrative domain
• Sends advertisements on trunk ports only

VTP Modes
• Creates, modifies, and deletes
VLANs
• Sends and forwards
advertisements
• Synchronizes VLAN
configurations
• Saves configuration in NVRAM
• Cannot create,
change, or delete • Creates, modifies, and
VLANs deletes VLANs locally
• Forwards only
advertisements • Forwards
• Synchronizes advertisements
VLAN • Does not
configurations synchronize VLAN
• Does not save in configurations
NVRAM • Saves configuration in
NVRAM
VTP Operation
• VTP advertisements are sent as multicast frames.
• VTP servers and clients are synchronized to the latest revision number.
• VTP advertisements are sent every 5 minutes or when there is a change.

VTP Pruning
• Increases available bandwidth by reducing unnecessary flooded traffic

• Example: Station A sends broadcast, and broadcast is flooded only toward
any switch with ports assigned to the red VLAN.

VTP Versions
• All switches in a management domain must run the same version.

VTP Configuration Guidelines
• Configure the following:

– VTP domain name
– VTP mode (server mode is the default)
– VTP pruning
– VTP password
– VTP trap
• Use caution when adding a new switch into an existing
domain.
• Add a new switch in client mode to prevent the new
switch from propagating incorrect VLAN information.

Configuring a VTP Server
Switch(config)#vtp server
• Configures VTP server mode
Switch(config)#vtp domain domain-name
• Specifies a domain name
Switch(config)#vtp password password
• Sets a VTP password
Switch(config)#vtp pruning
• Enables VTP pruning in the domain

Configuring a VTP Server (Cont.)
Switch(config)#vtp server
Setting device to VTP SERVER mode.

Switch(config)#vtp domain Lab_Network
Setting VTP domain name to Lab_Network

Switch(config)#end

Verifying the VTP Configuration
Switch#show vtp status
Switch#show vtp status
VTP Version : 2
Configuration Revision : 247
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 1005
Number of existing VLANs : 33
VTP Operating Mode : Client
VTP Domain Name : Lab_Network
VTP Pruning Mode : Enabled
VTP V2 Mode : Disabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
MD5 digest : 0x45 0x52 0xB6 0xFD 0x63 0xC8 0x49 0x80
Configuration last modified by 0.0.0.0 at 8-12-99 15:04:49
Switch#

Verifying the VTP Configuration
(Cont.)
Switch#show vtp counters
Switch#show vtp counters
VTP statistics:
Summary advertisements received : 7
Subset advertisements received : 5
Request advertisements received : 0
Summary advertisements transmitted : 997
Subset advertisements transmitted : 13
Request advertisements transmitted : 3
Number of config revision errors : 0
Number of config digest errors : 0
Number of V1 summary errors : 0
VTP pruning statistics:

Trunk Join Transmitted Join Received Summary advts received from
non-pruning-capable device
---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------------------
Fa5/8 43071 42766 5

Problem: VTP Not Updating
Configuration on Other Switches
• Make sure switches are connected through trunk

links.
• Make sure the VTP domain name is the same on
the appropriate switches.
• Check that the switch is not in VTP transparent
mode.
• Verify the same password used on all switches
in the VTP domain.

Summary
• VTP is used to distribute and synchronize information

about VLANs configured throughout a switched network.
• If you use VTP in your network, you must decide whether
to use VTP version 1 or version 2. Verify the supervisor
support for VTP before making your decision.
• When a network device is in VTP server mode, you can
change the VLAN configuration and have it propagate
throughout the network.
• Use show commands to verify the VTP configuration.
• Problems with VTP configuration can frequently be traced
to improperly configured trunk links, domain names, VTP
modes, or passwords.

Implementing Spanning Tree
Protocol
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Examining the Spanning Tree
Protocol
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Transparent Bridging
• A switch has the same characteristics as a

transparent bridge.
What Is a Bridging Loop?
• Bridging loops occur any time there is a redundant

path or loop in the bridge network.
Preventing Bridging Loops
• Bridging loops can be prevented by disabling the

redundant path.
Spanning-Tree Bridge ID

Spanning-Tree Path Cost

Spanning Tree Port States
• Spanning tree transits each port through several
different states:

Four-Step Spanning-Tree
Decision Process
• Lowest root BID

• Lowest path cost to root bridge
• Lowest sender BID
• Lowest port ID

Spanning-Tree Operation
• One root bridge per network
• One root port per nonroot bridge
• One designated port per segment
• Nondesignated ports are blocked

Spanning Tree Protocol
Root Bridge Selection
• Which switch has the lowest bridge ID?

Spanning Tree Protocol
Root Port Selection
Fast Ethernet
RP
Ethernet
• SW X is the root bridge

• SW Y needs to elect a root port
• Which port is the root port on SW Y?
• FastEthernet total cost = 0 + 19
• Ethernet total cost = 0 + 100
Planning Root Bridge Selection

Per VLAN Spanning Tree

Per VLAN Spanning Tree (Cont.)

Summary
• The Spanning Tree Protocol is designed to

prevent bridging loops in a redundant network.
• Spanning Tree Protocol uses the concepts of
root bridges, root ports, and designated ports to
establish a loop-free path through the network.
• Per VLAN Spanning Tree + (PVST+) maintains a
separate spanning tree for each VLAN.

Configuring Spanning Tree
Protocol
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Enabling Spanning Tree
Switch(config)#spanning-tree vlan 200
• Enables spanning tree on a specific VLAN

Configuring the Root Bridge
Switch(config)#spanning-tree vlan 200 priority 4096
• Lowers the spanning tree priority, forcing this switch to be the

root bridge
Switch(config)#spanning-tree vlan 200 priority 8192
• Sets the spanning tree priority, enabling this switch to be the

secondary root bridge

Verifying STP
Switch#show spanning-tree vlan vlan-id
• Displays spanning-tree configuration information

ASW11#show spanning-tree vlan 200
VLAN0200
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID Priority 49352
Address 0008.2199.2bc0
This bridge is the root
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority 49352 (priority 49152 sys-id-ext 200)

Address 0008.2199.2bc0
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Aging Time 300
Uplinkfast enabled
Interface Port ID Designated Port ID

Name Prio.Nbr Cost Sts Cost Bridge ID Prio.Nbr
---------------- -------- --------- --- --------- -------------------- --------
Fa0/1 128.1 3019 LIS 0 49352 0008.2199.2bc0 128.1
Fa0/2 128.2 3019 LIS 0 49352 0008.2199.2bc0 128.2

Verifying STP (Cont.)
Switch#show spanning-tree bridge
• Displays spanning-tree bridge information
Switch#show spanning-tree bridge
Hello Max Fwd

Vlan Bridge ID Time Age Dly Protocol
---------------- --------------------------------- ----- --- --- --------
VLAN0200 49352 (49152,200) 0008.2199.2bc0 2 20 15 ieee
VLAN0202 49354 (49152,202) 0008.2199.2bc0 2 20 15 ieee
VLAN0203 49355 (49152,203) 0008.2199.2bc0 2 20 15 ieee
VLAN0204 49356 (49152,204) 0008.2199.2bc0 2 20 15 ieee
VLAN0205 49357 (49152,205) 0008.2199.2bc0 2 20 15 ieee
VLAN0206 49358 (49152,206) 0008.2199.2bc0 2 20 15 ieee

Summary
• You enable spanning tree on a per-VLAN basis.

• The switch with the lowest bridge ID will become the root
bridge for a VLAN.
• Spanning tree considers port cost when selecting an
interface to put into the forwarding state. You can assign
lower cost values to interfaces to select first.
• You can use a variety of show commands to display
configuration information about spanning tree.

Configuring EtherChannel
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Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be

able to:
• Identify the methods available to aggregate
multiple ports, and configure Fast EtherChannel
and Gigabit EtherChannel to form a faster
connection

Load Balancing with EtherChannel
• Logical aggregation
of similar links
• Viewed as one
logical port
• Switch-level load
balancing
• Redundancy

Configuring EtherChannel
Switch(config)#interface port-channel port-channel-number
• Creates a port-channel interface
Switch(config-if)#ip address address mask

• Assigns an IP address and subnet mask to the EtherChannel
Switch(config)#interface interface slot/port

• Specifies an interface to configure
Switch(config-if)#channel-group number mode {auto |
desirable | on}
• Configures the interface in a port-channel and specifies the

PAgP mode

Verifying EtherChannel
Switch#show running-config interface port-channel num
• Displays port-channel information
Switch#show running-config interface interface x/y
• Displays interface information
Switch#show run interface port-channel 1 Switch#show run interface gig 0/9

Building configuration... Building configuration...
Current configuration:
! Current configuration:
interface Port-channel1 !
no ip address interface GigabitEthernet 0/9
no ip directed-broadcast no ip address
end channel-group 1 mode desirable
end

Verifying EtherChannel (Cont.)
Switch#show etherchannel num port-channel
• Displays port-channel information after configuration

Switch#show etherchannel 1 port-channel
Port-channels in the group:
----------------------
Port-channel: Po1
------------
Age of the Port-channel = 01d:01h:31m:38s

Logical slot/port = 1/0 Number of ports = 2
GC = 0x00020001 HotStandBy port = null
Port state = Port-channel Ag-Inuse
Ports in the Port-channel:
Index Load Port EC state

------+------+------+------------
0 00 Gi0/9 desirable-sl
0 00 Gi0/10 desirable-sl
Time since last port bundled: 00d:20h:04m:38s Gi0/9

Time since last port Un-bundled: 00d:21h:17m:20s Gi0/10
Summary
• EtherChannel allows you to specify multiple Ethernet

ports of the same type as a single virtual link.

Routing Between VLANs
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Port-Based VLANs
• Add ports to a VLAN by using the switchport

interface configuration commands:
– Identify the interface.
– For a trunk port, set trunk characteristics and
define the VLANs to which it can belong.
– For an access port, set and define the VLAN to
which it belongs.

Switch Ports
• Layer 2-only interfaces associated with a physical port

• Access port
– Carries the traffic of and belongs to only one VLAN
• Trunk port
– Carries the traffic of multiple VLANs
– By default is a member of all VLANs in the VLAN
database
• Configure switch ports using the switchport interface
configuration commands

Layer 3 Switch Virtual Interfaces
• Represent a VLAN of switch ports as one interface to the

routing function in the system
• Created the first time that you enter the vlan interface
configuration command for a VLAN interface
• Configure a VLAN interface for each VLAN for which you
want to route traffic, and assign it an IP address
• Support routing protocol and configurations

Solution: Routing Between VLANs
• Communications between VLANs requires a Layer 3

services module.
Connecting VLANs with a
Multilayer Switch

Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing
on a Switch
Switch(config)#ip routing
• Enables IP routing on the switch
Switch(config)#router ip_routing_protocol <options>
• Specifies the IP routing protocol
Switch(config)#interface vlan-id
• Enters interface configuration mode for a specific VLAN
Switch(config-if)#ip address n.n.n.n subnet-mask
• Assigns and IP address to the VLAN

Verifying Inter-VLAN Routing
• ping tests connectivity to remote hosts.

Verifying the Inter-VLAN Routing
Configuration
Switch#show running-config
• Displays the current configuration
Switch#show ip route
• Displays IP route table information
Switch#show ip protocols
• Displays IP routing protocol information

Summary
• Multilayer switches support different types of interfaces

that you can use to route between VLANs.
• In Layer 2 switched networks, a routing device is used to
provide communications between VLANs. The router
provides VLAN access to shared resources and connects
to other parts of the network, or provides access to
remote sites across wide-area links.
• Use the ping and show commands to verify inter-VLAN
routing and display configuration and routing
information.

Implementing Router Redundancy
in a Multilayer Switched Network
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Problem: Using Default Gateways

Router Redundancy

HSRP Group Members
• HSRP standby groups consist of multiple

routers performing specific roles.
Designating an Active Router
• The active router responds to ARP requests with the MAC

address of the virtual router.

Locating the Virtual
Router MAC Address

Active and Secondary Router
Interaction
• The active router broadcasts periodic hello messages.

Active and Secondary Router
Interaction (Cont.)

Multiple HSRP Groups
• Routers can belong to multiple groups on the same subnet in a VLAN.

Addressing HSRP Groups
across Trunk Links

Multiple HSRP Groups and
Multiple VLANs
• Routers can belong to multiple groups in multiple VLANs.

Configuring an HSRP
Standby Interface
• Enabling HSRP on a Cisco router interface automatically

disables ICMP redirects.
Configuring HSRP Standby Priority
• The router in an HSRP group with the highest priority

becomes the forwarding router.
• Default priority is 100.
Configuring HSRP Standby Preempt
• Preempt enables a router to resume the forwarding router role.

Displaying the Standby Brief Status
Switch#show standby brief

P indicates configured to preempt.
|
Interface Grp Prio P State Active addr Standby addr Group addr
Vl11 11 110 Active local 172.16.11.114 172.16.11.115

Debugging HSRP
Switch#debug standby
*Mar 1 00:22:30.443: SB11: Vl11 Hello out 172.16.11.111 Active pri 100 ip 172.16.11.115
*Mar 1 00:22:32.019: SB11: Vl11 Hello in 172.16.11.112 Standby pri 50 ip 172.16.11.115

Summary
• Router device redundancy identifies multiple

routers as a single virtual router, with one router
acting as the forwarding router and the others
standing by to take over should the forwarding
router fail.
• HSRP defines a standby group of routers, with
one router as the active router.
• Use the standby command from interface
configuration mode to configure HSRP.

The Basics of Switching

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The Basics of Switching

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© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Role of Multilayer Switches in the

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• Layer 2 switched networks have the same

• Optimal path determination

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• Combines functionality of:

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• Provides client access to the network

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• Built on Ethernet principles

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• Enhances client/server performance across the enterprise

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Layer 2 Switching Layer 3 Switching

Cost Moderate Expensive

Complexity Simpler More complex

Versatility Less versatile More versatile

Typical uses Building Access Building Distribution

• Layer 2 switching supports simple, flat networks.

• Collapse the Campus Backbone and Building Distribution

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• Layer 2 switches provide high-speed scalability to the

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2 -rwx 401 Jan 01 1970 00:01:06 env_vars

7741440 bytes total (1101312 bytes free)

• Verify that flash memory has room for the

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• Back up current files prior to updating flash memory.

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Processing load Low overhead High overhead

Primary use Gather facts Observe processes

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• May generate output in a variety of formats that

Be careful with debug commands!

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Switch(config)#service timestamps debug datetime msec

Switch(config)#service timestamps log datetime msec

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• Make sure you are using the correct type of

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• If the host is in the same subnet as the switch interface,

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• Make sure autonegotiation is configured on both

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• In IOS, you use the copy command to transfer IOS software

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Upon completing this module, you will be

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Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:

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A VLAN = A Broadcast Domain = Logical Network (Subnet)

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• VLANs plus routing limits broadcasts to the domain of origin.

• Local VLANs generally reside in the wiring closet.

Deleting VLANs in Global Mode

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Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 1/1