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INTRO TO

LITERATURE
SEMANTIC MAP
■Literature is derived from the latin word litera
which means letter. It has been defined
differently by various writers. Some of these
are the following:

■Literature is a piece of printed work related to


the ideas and feelings of the people that may
be true or just a product of the writer’s
imagination (Sayno, A. et.al, 2004).
■ Literature covers all the writings of a
particular country, time, kind, etc. especially
those valued for excellence of form and
■ Literature refers to a composition that deals
with life experiences. It tells stories,
dramatizes situations, expresses emotions,
analyzes, and advocates ideas (Patron, 2002).
■Literature is an eternally burning flame,
exuding light that renders significance to
civilization (Castillo, et.al. 2002).
■Because Literature deals with ideas, thought,
and emotions of man, literature can be said to
be the story of man (Kahayon, et.al., 2000).
■According to Saymo, et.al (2004),
literature is divided into two large
groups: Prose and Poetry. Prose is
defined as a spoken written language
without metrical regularity. Poetry, on
the other hand, is the imaginative
expression of emotion, thought, or
narrative, frequently in metrical form and
often using the figurative language.
Poetry has traditionally been
distinguished from prose by rhyme on
■TYPES OF PROSE
■Novel. It is an extended fictional prose narrative,
often including the psychological development of
the central characteristics and of their relationship
with a broader world. The modern novel took its
name and inspiration from the Italina novella, the
short tale of varied character, which became
popular in the late 13th century. Novel is classified
according to genres and subgenres such as the
historical novel, detective fiction, fantasy and
science fiction.
■Short Story. It is an artistic form of prose fiction
which in centered on a single main incident whose
■ TYPES OF PROSE …
■Play. It is a piece of creative work presented on
stage. It is usually divided into acts.
■Legend. It is traditional or undocumented story
about famous people, commonly religious in character
and frequently posing problems of authenticity.
■Fable. It is a story in either verse or prose, in which
animals or inanimate objects are given the mentality
and speech of human beings to point out a moral
lesson.
■Anecdote. It is a product of the writer’s imagination
or experience whose aim is to bring out lesson to the
readers. It can be stories about animals or children.
■TYPES OF PROSE …

■Essay. It is a short piece of nonfiction


dealing with a particular subject from a
personal point of view.
■Biography. It is an account of a person’s
life. It may consist of factual details of a
person’s life told in a chronological order, but
has generally become a matter of
interpretation as well as historical accuracy.
■News. It is a report of daily events in
Elements of a Short
Story
■Elements of a Short Story

■Setting. It is an element that reveals where the


story happened.
■Characters. They are the performers of a story.
It may refer to the hero or to the heroin of the
story. It includes people playing important roles
in a given story aside from the principal
characters.
■Plot. It refers to the storyline in a novel, play,
film, or other work of fiction. It is traditionally a
scheme of connected events.
■Elements of a Short Story…

■Theme. It refers to the central idea of


any piece of literary work.
■Point of View. It is a device used by
the writer in presenting his idea.
■Conflict. It refers to the collision
between one character and another,
between a character and some elements
in the world about him.
TYPES OF
POETRY
■Narrative Poetry. It describes important
details in life following the order of events either
real or imaginary. They are classified as epic,
metrical tales, metrical romance, and ballad.

a. Epic. It is a narrative poem or cycle of poem


dealing with some great deeds like the founding
of a nation or the forging of national unity. They
often use religious or cosmological themes.
b. Metrical Tales. It is a type of narrative
written in verse. It is classified as either ballad
or metrical romance.
c. Metrical Romance. It is also a type of
metrical tale composed of a long rambling love
story in verse. It is centered on the adventure
of knights and lords and their royal ladies
during the age of chivalry. It is heavily
flavored with romance, fantastic events,
supernatural occurrences, and magic.
d. Ballad. “A narrative composition in
rhythmic verse suitable for singing. It tells a
story about a famous person from history.”
■Lyric Poetry – means any short poem that is
songlike. This is the most common type of
poetry. Examples are:

a. haiku – a short, Japanese poem consisting


of 17 syllables arranged in three lines, mostly
about nature. 5-7-5
b. ode – a serious lyric poetry which
commemorates important public events and
expresses a strong feeling of love or respect. It
consists of stanzas with the same pattern of
rhythm and rhyme.
■c. elegy – a common lyric that deals with life
and death. It mourns the death of a loved one.

■d. sonnet – a love poem which mostly consists


of 14 lines and has a certain pattern of rhyme
and rhythm.
■Dramatic Poetry – tells stories like
narrative poetry, but in dialogues of play
rhymes, repeating rhythms, and other
poetic elements. One of the most
famous dramatic poets is the English
playwright William Shakespeare.
■Importance of Literature

■Material progress and political power may vanish;


the spirit of nationalism may wane; but the true
glories of literature withstand the forces of decay
and decline.
■Literature is an eternally burning flame, exuding
light that renders significance to civilization.
■In literature, likewise, there is conserved a heritage
which gives meaning to a people’s ideals. It molds
the mind of people by preserving the experiences of
the past in a cohesive and beautiful manner.
■Literature mirrors the depth of a culture and
manifests the truly creative genius of the race.
■Literature, though seeming to hide timidly
between the covers of a book, has frequently
generated ideas that have had a tremendous
effect. It has exhibited the potency of an explosive
in its capacity for upsetting the social order.
■Literature helps us grow both personally and
intellectually.
■It helps us to connect ourselves to the cultural
context of which we are a part.
■It helps us to develop mature sensibility and
compassion for the condition of all living things,
human, animal and vegetable.
■Literature is one of the things that shape our lives;
it makes us human.
■It encourages us to assist creative talented people
who are in need.

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