Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
From Clay McShane’s Down the Asphalt Path, The Automobile and the American City (1994)
Apa Tujuan dibangunnya
“Perkerasan Jalan” ?
8
Important Roman
roads
17th and 18th centuries.
MODERN ROADS
(17th & 18th Centuries)
TRESAGUET ROAD
(1775)
CROSS-SECTION
TRESAGUET ROAD (1775)
TELFORD ROAD
(1803)
CROSS-SECTION
TELFORD ROAD (1803)
Level subgrade
Large foundation stones of thickness 17-
22cm
Two layers of angular broken stones
compacted thickness of 10-15cm
Lime mortar concrete instead of kerb
stones at pavement edges
Top wearing coarse of 4cm thick gravel as
binding layer
MODERN ROADS
(17th & 18th Century)
• PERKERASAN LENTUR
• PERKERASAN RIGID
• PERKERASAN KOMPOSIT
• PERKERASAN SEGMENTAL
Perkerasan Lentur
• Structure
– Surface course
– Base course
– Subbase course
– Subgrade
Tipe-Tipe Perkerasan
Lentur
Dense-graded
Open-graded Gap-graded
KARAKTERISTIK PERKERASAN LENTUR
Slipform
Fixed form
KARAKTERISTIK PERKERASAN KOMPOSIT
• BERSIFAT GRADUAL :
KAKU KARENA YANG DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PERKERASAN
DARI BETON, TERUTAMA BAGIAN PONDASI YG MENERIMA
TEGANGAN TARIK,
LENTUR KARENA YANG DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PERKERASAN
DARI CAMPURAN BERASPAL, TERUTAMA YG MENERIMA
TEGANGAN TEKAN / BEBAN RODA KENDARAAN
• DIGUNAKAN PADA JALAN YANG MEMPUNYAI LALU LINTAS
DAN BEBAN MUATAN TINGGI.
• KEKUATAN BETON SEBAGAI DIASUMSIKAN SEBAGAI
PERBAIKAN LAPIS DASAR TEBAL PERKERASAN.
• USIA RENCANA BISA LEBIH 20 TAHUN.
LAPISAN PERKERASAN LENTUR
JALAN BARU
LAPISAN PERMUKAAN
(SURFACE COURSE)
LAPISAN PONDASI
BAWAH (SUBBASE)
LAPISAN PERMUKAAN
(SURFACE COURSE)
LAPISAN PONDASI
MAXADAM (SUBBASE)
TELFORD (SUBBASE)
LAPISAN PERKERASAN
BETON (RIGID PAVEMENT)
LAPISAN PONDASI(BASE)
Unified soil
classification
system
Coarse Fine
Grained Grained
Fines)
More Than Half Retained on 200 Sieve
Sieve
GP Gravel - Sand Mixtures,
Little or no Fines
COARSE GRAINED SOILS
SW Gravelly Sand,
Clean Sands Little or no Fines
(Little or no
Fines) Poorly Graded Sands,
SANDS
Sieve
SP Gravelly Sand,
Little or no Fines
Silty Sands,
Sands with Fines SM
Sand – Silt Mixtures
(Appreciable
Fines) Clayey Sands,
SC
Sand - Clay Mixtures
Unified soil classification system
GROUP DESCRIPTIONS
MAJOR DIVISION
SYMBOLS
Inorganic Silts & very Fine Sands,
SILTS and CLAYS ML Silty or Clayey Fine Sands,
More Than Half Retained on 200 Sieve
Less Than 50
Clayey Silts
Liquid Limit
Inorganic Clays of Low to Medium Plasticity,
CL
FINE GRAINED SOILS
Lean Clays
Elastic silts
Liquid Limit
• A-5 soils are also silty soils with plasticity index less
than 10% , but with liquid limit values exceeding 40%.
These include highly elastic or compressible, soils,
usually of diatomaceous of micaceous character.
• A-7 soils are also clayey soils as A-6 soils, but with high
values of both liquid limit and plasticity index, (LL
greater than 40% and PI greater than 10%). These soils
have low permeability and high volume change
properties with changes in moisture content.
Factors affecting Sub-grade soil
strength characteristics
• Soil type
• Moisture content
• Dry density
• Internal structural of the soil, and
• The type and mode of stress application
Evaluation of Soil Strength
• The tests used to evaluate the strength properties
of soils may be broadly divided into three groups :-
Tests
Triaxial California
Direct Shear Plate bearing
compression Bearing Ratio
Test test (CBR) test
test
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
• This is a penetration test developed by the California
Division of Highways, as a method for evaluating the
stability of soil, subgrade and other flexible pavement
materials. The test results have been correlated with
flexible pavement thickness requirements for highways
and air fields.
• The C.B.R. value is calculated using the relation:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GW , GP, GB , GM Granular 1.84-2.28 Good to
A-1 --- 7-15
, SW , SP, SB , SM materials (115-142) excellent
Granular
1.76-2.16 Fair to
A-2 GM , GC , SM , SC --- materials with 9-18
(110-135) excellent
soil
1.76-1.84
A-3 SP --- Sand 9-15 Fair to good
(110-115)
CL , SM , SB , Sandy silts 1.52-2.08
A-4 ML , MH , OL , OH 10-20 Poor to good
SC and silts (95-130)
Elastic silts 1.36-1.60
A-5 MH , OH --- 20-35 Unsatisfactory
and silts (85-100)
1.52-1.92
A-6 CL , CI MH , OH , SC Silt clay 10-30 Poor to good
(95-120)
1.36-1.84
A-7 MH , CI , CH , OH SC Clay 15-35 Poor to fair
(85-115)
* For guidance in this respect see Standard No. IRC : 37 – 1970 “Guidelines for the Design of Flexible
Pavements”.
Perkerasan Lentur
• Kriteria Perkerasan Lentur
– Persyaratan Struktural
– Persyaratan Fungsional
Persyaratan Struktural
• Ketebalan yang cukup sehingga mampu
menyebarkan beban / muatan lalu lintas
ketanah dasar
• Kedap terhadap air, sehingga air tidak
mudah meresap kelapisan dibawahnya.
• Permukaan mudah mengalirkan air,
sehingga air hujan yang jatuh diatasnya
dapat dengan cepat dialirkan.
• Konstruksi harus cukup kuat, mampu
memikul beban lalu lintas sehingga tidak
mudah hancur.
Persyaratan Fungsional
• Permukaan yang rata , tidak
bergelombang, dan tidak melendut.
• Permukaan tidak mengkilap, tidak
silau jika kena sinar matahari atau
lampu
• Permukaan cukup kesat,
memberikan gesekan yang baik
antara ban dan permukaan,
sehingga tidak mudah slip.
Usaha Untuk Menciptakan
Konstruksi jalan Yang memenuhi
Syarat :
1. Perencanaan tebal masing-masing lapisan perkerasan
– Dengan memperhatikan daya dukung tanah dasar, beban lalu lintas
yang dipikul, keadaan lingkungan, jenis lapisan yang dipilih, dapatlah
ditentukan tebal masing-masing lapisan berdasarkan cara-cara
perhitungan yang ada.
2. Analisa campuran bahan
– Dengan memperhatikan mutu dan jumlah bahan setempat yang
tersedia, direncanakan suatu susunan campuran tertentu sehingga
terpenuhi spesifikasi dari jenis lapisan yang dipilih.
3. Pengawasan pelaksanaaan pekerjaan
– Perencanaan tebal perkerasan yang baik, susunan campuran yang
memenuhi syarat belumlah dapat menjamin dihasilkannya lapisan
perkerasan yang memenuhi apa yang diinginkan.
Lapisan Pondasi Bawah (Sub Base
Course)
• Lapisan Pondasi Bawah (Sub Base
Course) adalah bagian lapisan
perkerasan antara lapisan pondasi
atas dan tanah dasar
FUNGSI LAPIS PONDASI BAWAH :
Flaky
and
Rounded Irregular Angular Flaky Elongated Elongated
Agregat
(ASTM C-33)
Batas bawah ukuran pasir =
Halus 0.075 mm (no. 200) Batas atas
ukuran pasir = 4.75 mm (no. 4)
80
70 Atas
60 Bawah
50
Gradasi
40 Gabungan
30 Gradasi Menerus
20
10
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
Ukuran saringan (mm)
100
90
80
% lolos saringan 70
60
50
40
Gradasi Senjang 30
20
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
diam eter saringan (m m )