Water Residuals –

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT

JDEL SOCORRO
 Course contents
The course subject will introduce the
students into the various technologies
and methods for water, air and noise
pollution analysis. It will enable the
students to learn to collect and analyze
environmental pollution data using
analytical equipment and following
environmental standards of government.
 BOD
• Biochemical oxygen demand or BOD is a chemical
procedure for determining the amount of dissolved
oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a
body of water to break down organic material present in
a given water sample at certain temperature over a
specific time period. It is not a precise quantitative test,
although it is widely used as an indication of the organic
quality of water.
BOD can be calculated by:
Undiluted: Initial DO - Final DO = BOD
• BOD = IDO - FDO
VS / VB
• where:
• IDO = initial D.O. of diluted sample, mg/L
• FDO = final D.O. of diluted sample, mg/L
• VS = volume of sample, ml
• VB = volume of bottle, ml
Sample Problem:
1. BOD
Given: Di= 8.6 mg/L
Df (5days) = 5.2 mg/L
Vol waste water sample Vs= 6 ml
Vol bottle Vb= 300 ml
BOD = (8.6 -5.2 ) mg/L / (6ml/300ml)
BOD = 170 mg/L
SAMPLE BOD PROBLEMS:
1. A standard 5 day BOD test run using mix of 4 parts of distilled water &
1 part of waste water (no seed) in a company discharging at Pasig
River. The Initial DO mix is 9 mg/L & DO after 5 days is determined to
be 1 mg/L. Compute for BOD5 ? Does it comply with effluent
standards?
Soln: Given : Do i = 9 mg/L, DOf = 1 mg/L,
Vs=1part, Vb = 4 parts therfore Vs/Vb = 1/5
BOD5 = Doi-Dof / Vs/Vb
= 9- 1 / 1/5
= 8 (5) 40 mg/L

Complies with the Efluent Standards of Class C (Pasig River) = 50 mg/L

BOD PROBLEMS:
2. The following data has been obtained in a BOD 5 test, to
determine how well a waste water treatment plant
operates.
Initial Final DO Vol. Vol. Bottle
DO(mg/L) (mg/L) Sample (Vs) (ml)
(Vs) (ml)
Untreated 6 2 5 295
sewage
Treated 9 4 15 285
sewage
BOD u = 6 -2 mg/L / ( 5/300)= 240 mg/L
BOD t= 9- 4 mg/L / ( 15/300)= 100 mg/L
% removal = 240 – 100 / 240 = 58.33 % < 85 % efficiency
 Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen (DO) is a
relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is
dissolved or carried in a given medium. It can be
measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an
oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually
water.
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) is measured in standard
solution units such as millilitres O2 per liter (ml/L),
millimoles O2 per liter (mmol/L), milligrams O2 per liter
(mg/L) and m
• oxygen saturation is a relative measure of the amount
of oxygen (O2) dissolved in the water. Supersaturation
can sometimes be harmful for organisms and cause
decompression sickness
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Measurement of the amount of organic compounds
in water. The basis of COD test is that nearly all
organic compounds can be fully oxidized to CO2
with a strong oxidizing agent under acidic
conditions. The amount of exygen required to
oxidez an organic compound to Carbon Dioxide ,
Ammonia and water.
 Biochecmical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) and
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
BOD is only for measurement of consumed oxygen
by aquatic microorganisms to decompose or
oxidize organic matter.
COD = 8000(b-s)n
Sample volume
b=Blank FAS(ferrous ammonium sulfate)
s= volume of FAS n = normality of FAS
COD refers to requirement of dissolved oxygen for
the oxidation of organic and inorganic
constituents.
DAO 1990-35
 Class
Region PRIORITY RIVERS
Class

III Meycauayan River C

Marilao River A
Bocaue River C
IV-A Imus River C
Ylang-ylang River C
IV-B Mogpog River C
Calapan River C
V Anayan River D
Malaguit River C
Panique River C
VI Iloilo River -
VII Luyang River C
Sapangdaku River C
X Cagayan de Oro River A
CAR Balili River -
NCR Marikina River C
San Juan River C
Paranaque River C
Pasig River C
Discharge Permits
Schedule of Volumetric Discharge
DISCHARGE FEE
DISCHARGE FEE
 Sample Problem
Given: Mall (located Mandaluyong) NPI discharging at
Pasig River Class C
WDR (Php/year) = Ln X R
Ln (kg/year) = (Cf-Ca) X (Qf X Nf) X 0.001
R= Php 5/day
Cf (mg/l) = 15,560 mg/l BOD
Ca(mg/l) = 50 mg/l BOD
Qf (m3/day) = 10
Nf = 15 days/year
Solution:
Ln = (15,560 -50) X(10 X 15) X0.001
Ln = (15,510 mg/L)(150m3/yr)(1000 L/ m3 X kg/106 mg)
Ln= 2,326.5 kg/yr
WDR = 2,326.5 kg/yr X Php5/ kg=
Php 4M
SW Problem1 (BOD):
1. Calculate for the Ave. Daily Effluent Cf (mg/l) BOD5
concentration
Given the ff:
Initial DO(Di) = 300 mg/L
Final DO (Df) = 15 mg/L
Volume of Sample (Vs)= 8 ml
Volume of Bottle (Vb) = 300 ml
2. Compute the Waste Discharge Fee (WDF) of company A
(NPI) discharging at Sarangani Bay (Region12) given the
following:
Ave. Daily Volumetric Flow Qf (m3/day) = 15
Nf = 90 days/year
SW Problem 1 Solution:
1. Given : (Di) = 300 mg/L , (Df) = 15 mg/L ,
(Vs)= 8 ml , (Vb) = 300 ml
BDO5= Di - Df
VS / VB
BDO5 = (300-15 mg/L) / (8/300) = 10,687.50 mg/L
2. Solution:
Given : Qf (m3/day) = 15 , Nf = 90 days/year
Net waste Ld. Ln (kg/year) = (Cf-Ca) x (Qf X Nf) x 0.001
Conv. Fac:(1g/1000mg* 1kg/1000g* 1000L / m3)= 0.001kgL/mg m3
Ca =30 mg/L ( Sarangani Bay : Class SB-BOD5: NPI)
Ln (kg/yr) = (10,687.50 –30 mg/L ) x (15 m3/d X 90d/yr ) x 0.001
Ln (kg/yr) = 14,387.63 kg/yr
WDF (P/yr) = 14,387.63 kg/yr X P 5/kg
WDF (P/yr) = P 71,938.13 / yr
 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
LOAD BALANCE

Ef = ACTIVITY RATE (A) X EFFLUENT

LOAD FACTOR (EF) X (1-RE/100)
Where:
A= Activity Rate ( eg.liters,sale, sqm etc.)
EF = Effluent Load Factor ( eg. kgBOD/lit)
RE= Reduction Efficiency of Treatment
Facility
 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
LOAD BALANCE (DENR ENRAP )
Problem 3:
Calculate the WDF (BOD & SS)for the
ff:Industries:
I. Agriculture
1. Swine Feedlot : 200 heads/yr
2. Broiler Chicken : 565 heads /yr
3. Duck : 365 Heads / yr
4. Cattle : 65 heads / yr
II. Food and Beverage
1. Rice Millng : 600 mt/yr
2. Corn Millng : 300mt/yr
3. Flour Milling: 250 mt/yr
Solution:

Calculate: Permit Fee

Sample : Swine Waste Water Vol= 1.6 m3/head *200 head= 320 m3 /day
Annual Permit Fee = 3,300 m3 / yr
Problem 4:
Calculate the Permit Fee for Vol Discharge the ff:
Industries operating 265days/yr :
I. Agriculture
1. Swine Feedlot : 200 heads/yr
2. Broiler Chicken : 565 heads /yr
3. Duck : 365 Heads / yr
4. Cattle : 65 heads / yr
II. Food and Beverage
1. Rice Millng : 600 mt/yr
2. Corn Millng : 300mt/yr
3. Flour Milling: 250 mt/yr
 SOLIDS IN WATER
Total Solids
TS are the total of all solids in a water sample. They include the total
suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and volatile suspended solids.
Volatile Solids
Volatile solids are those solids lost on ignition (heating to 550 degrees C.)
in evaporating dish. They are useful to the treatment plant operator
because they give a rough approximation of the amount of organic
matter present in the solid fraction of wastewater, activated sludge and
industrial wastes.
Total Suspended Solids
TSS are the amount of filterable solids in a water sample. Samples are
filtered through a glass fiber filter. The filters are dried and weighed to
determine the amount of total suspended solids in mg/l of sample.
Total Dissolved Solids
TDS are those solids that pass through a filter with a pore size of 2.0
micron. or smaller. They are said to be non-filterable. After filtration the
filtrate (liquid) is dried and the remaining residue is weighed and
calculated as mg/l of Total Dissolved Solids.
Volatile Suspended Solids
Volatile solids are those solids lost on ignition (heating to 550 degrees
C.)in filters. They are useful to the treatment plant operator because
they give a rough approximation of the amount of organic matter
present in the solid fraction of wastewater, activated sludge and
industrial wastes.
 SW Problem2 (TSS):
1. Calculate for the Ave. Daily Effluent Cf (mg/l) TSS
concentration
Given:
A = weight of filter + aluminum dish, g
B = weight of filter + aluminum dish + residue, g
A (g)= 1.245 mg
B (g) = 88.8 mg
Vol. of Sample = 300 ml

2. Compute the Waste Discharge Fee (WDF) of company B

(NPI) discharging at Anayan River (Bicol Region 5) given
the following:
Given:
Qf (m3/day) = 16
Nf = 150 days/year
Problem 2 Solution (TSS):
1. Given : A (g)= 1.245 mg,B (g) = 88.8 mg, Vs = 300 ml
TSS = (B- A )
300 ml ( L/1000ml)
TSS = (88.88 – 1.245 mg) / (300/1000)L = 291.85 mg/L
2. Solution:
Given : Qf (m3/day) = 16 , Nf = 150 days/year
Ln (kg/year) = (Cf-Ca) x (Qf X Nf) x 0.001
Conv. Fac:(1g/1000mg* 1kg/1000g* 1000L / m3)= 0.001kgL/mg m3
Ca =150 mg/L (Anayan River: Class D: NPI)
Ln (kg/yr) = (291.85–150 mg/L ) x (16 m3/d X 150d/yr ) x 0.001
Ln (kg/yr) = 340.44 kg/yr
WDF (P/yr) = 340.44 kg/yr X P 5/kg
WDF (P/yr) = P 1,702.20 / yr
1. Total Solids

2. Volatile Solids

3. Total Suspended Solids

Sample Problem:
1. The following are test results obtained for a wastewater sample taken at
Industry A discharging at Panay River in Region6 . All test were
performed using sample size of 100ml. Filtrate volume is assumed to the
same as Sample vol. Determine concentration of TS, VS, TSS, VSS and
TDS.
Given:
Tare mass of evap. Dish = 52.1533 g
Mass of evap. Dish +residue after evap. @ 1050C = 52.1890 g
Mass of evap.Dish+ residue after ignition. @ 5500C = 52.1863 g
Tare mass of Whatman filter = 1.5413 g
Residue of whatman filter after drying @ 1050C = 1.5541 g
Residue of whatman filter after ignition g @ 5500C = 1.5519 g
a. Is Industry-A compliant with the TSS & TDS Effluent stds. under DAO-
35?
b. Compute for TSS- Waste Discharge Fee(WDF) , assuming it operates at
Qf (m3/day) = 16 , Nf = 150 days/year at flate rate of P5/kg.
c. Compute for the permit fee per day and m3?
Soln:
1. Total Solids (TS ) = ? Given:
Tare mass of evap. Dish (MDR ) = 52.1533 g
Mass of evap. Dish +residue after evap. @ 1050C (MD )= 52.1890
Mass of Residue (MTS )= MDR - MD
= 52.1890 g - 52.1533 g = 0.0357 g
Total Solids (TS) = (0.0357 g) / (0.1L X ( 1mg / 1000g)
Total Solids (TS) = 357 mg/L

2. Volatile Solids (VS)= ? Given:

Tare mass of evap. Dish (MD )= 52.1533 g
Mass of evap.Dish+ residue after ignition. @ 5500C (MDR2 )=
52.1863 g
Mass of Residue (MVS )= MDR2 - MD
= 52.1863 g - 52.1533 g = 0.033 g
Total Solids (TS) = (0.033 g) / (0.1L X ( 1mg / 1000g)
Total Solids (TS) = 330 mg/L
Soln:
3. Total Solids (TSS ) = ? Given:
Tare mass of Whatman filter ( MF )= 1.5413 g
Residue of whatman filter after drying @ 1050C ( MFR )= = 1.5541 g
M TSS (g) =( MFR- MF )
= 1.5541g – 1.5413 g = 0.0128 g
Total Solids (TS) = (0.0128 g) / (0.1L X ( 1mg / 1000g)
Total Suspended Solids (TS) = 128 mg/L
4. Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)= ? Given:
Tare mass of Whatman filter ( MF )= 1.5413 g
Residue of whatman filter after ignition g @ 5500C ( MFR2 )= = 1.5519 g
Mass of Residue (MVSS )= MFR2 - MF
= 1.5519 g - 1.541 g = 0.0106 g
Total Solids (TS) = (0.0106 g) / (0.1L X ( 1mg / 1000g)
Volatile Suspended Solids (TS) = 106 mg/L
5. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) = ?
TDS = TS – TSS = 357 mg/L - 128 mg/L
TDS = 229 mg/L
ANSWER:
a. Since Panay River in Region 6 Class A (NPI) where (TSS) =
50 mg/L, TDS = 1000 mg/L and calculated TSS = 128 mg/L &
TDS = 229 mg/L
Therefore TSS FAILS while TDS COMPLIES the Effluent stds

b. Qf (m3/day) = 16 , Nf = 150
days/year
Ln (kg/year) = (128 -50) x (16 X
150) x 0.001

Ca (TSS) =50 mg/L (Panay Rivey:

Class A-TSS: NPI = 50 mg/L)
Ln (kg/yr) = 187.2 kg/yr
WFR (P/yr) = P 936 / yr
CONT:
C. Compute for permit fee:
Given: Qf (m3/day) = 16
Nf = 150 days/year
Soln:
16 m3/day = P 2,200/yr
150 d/yr
Annual Fee= P 2,200/yr
Permit Fee = P 14.6 /day

Fee per m3 = P 14.6 /day

16 m3/day
= P 0.91 / m3
Problem No. 5
Sample Problem:
The following are test results obtained for a wastewater sample taken at an
Company A discharging at Tugbo River . All tests were performed using sample
size of 100ml. Filtrate volume is negligible. Determine concentration of TS, VS,
TSS, VSS and TDS.
Tare mass of evap. Dish = 52.1533 g
Mass of evap. Dish +residue after evap. @ 1050C = 52.1890 g
Mass of evap.Dish+ residue after ignition. @ 5500C = 52.1863 g
Tare mass of Whatman filter = 1.5413 g
Residue of whatman filter after drying @ 1050C = 1.5541 g
Residue of whatman filter after ignition g @ 5500C = 1.5519 g

a.Does Company-A comply with the TSS & TDS Effluent stds. under DAO-35?
b. Compute for TSS- Waste Discharge Fee(WDF) , assuming it operates at Qf
(m3/day) = 15 , Nf = 85 days/year at flate rate of P5/kg.
c. Compute for the permit fee per day and L?
Problem No. 6
1. The Total suspended solids for waste water at Pampanga
River sample was found to be 175mg/L. If the test results
were obtained, what size sample was used in the
analysis?
Mass of filter = 1.5413 g
Residue on Filter after drying 1050C = 1.5538 g

a.Does Company-A complied the TSS Effluent stds.

under DAO-35?
b. Compute for TSS- Waste Discharge Fee(WDF) ,
assuming it operates at Qf (m3/day) = 15 , Nf = 85
days/year at flate rate of P5/kg.
TSS PROBLEMS:
2. The following data has been obtained in a TSS sample, to
determine how well a waste water treatment plant
operates.
Mass Filter Mass Filter Vol.
+ Residue Sample
@ 1050C (Vs) (ml
Untreated 1.687 1.64 100
sewage(g)
Treated 1.6775 1.64 100
sewage(g)

Compute for TSS removal %.

If the design efficiency is 85 %, is it working well?
DAO 1990-35
Discharge Permits
Schedule of Volumetric Discharge
 Material Balance
-”Everthing has to go somewhere”.
-When the “Law of Conservation of Mass” says theat when
chemical reactions take place, matter is neither created nor
destroyed.
-This concept allows us to track materials(pollutants) from one
place to another.
(1.1) INPUT RATE = OUTPUT RATE + DECAY
RATE + ACCUMULATION
At Steady State System:
(2.2) INPUT RATE = OUTPUT RATE or
CsQs + CwQw = CmQm
Where :
A. INPUTS :
Cs = Conc of Stream, Qs= Flowrate of Stream
Cw = Conc of Waste Stream, Qw= Flowrate of Waste Stream
OUTPUTS :
Cm = Conc of mixture, Qw= Flowrate of mixture
At Steady State System w/ Non-Conservative Polutants:
(2.2) INPUT RATE = OUTPUT RATE + DECAY RATE
CmQm = CsQs + CwQw + KCV
Where :
Decay Rate = KCV
K = Reaction Rate
C = Downstream Concentration
V = Volume of receiving Downstream body of water

A. INPUTS RATE:
Cs = Conc of Stream, Qs= Flowrate of Stream
Cw = Conc of Waste Stream, Qw= Flowrate of Waste Stream
B. OUTPUTS RATE :
Cm = Conc of mixture, Qw= Flowrate of mixture
Sample Problem No. 7 (Toxic Effluent @ Steady
State)
1. A stream flowing at 10m3/s has a tributary from a
Notorious Company A feeding into it with a flow of 5 m3/s.
The stream’s is contaminated upstream of the junction
with mercury (Hg) concentration of 20mg/L and the
tributary mercury (Hg) concentration from said Company
A is 40 mg/L/. Treating mercury as a conservative
substance, and assuming complete mixing of the two
streams, find the downstream Total Mercury concentration
directly discharge at Pasig River.
a. Will Pasig River comply under DAO 34.
b. Will Company A discharge comply under DAO 35?
Assuming it was operating 24 hrs/day for 100 days,
Compute for Waste Discharge Fee, Compute also for
Annual Permit Fee.
Problem No. 7 (Toxic Effluent @ Steady State w/ conventional pollutant)
1. Given :

Solution: INPUT RATE = OUTPUT RATE or

CmQm = CsQs + CwQw
Cm = CsQs + CwQw
Qm
Qm = Qs + Qw
Cm = (20mg/L X 10 m3/s) + (40mg/L X 5 m3/s)
(10 + 5) m3/s
a. Cm = 26.66 mg/L …….Fails DAO 34 (Hg=0.002 mg/L)
b1. 20mg/L and 40mg/L
Fails DAO 35 (Hg=0.005 mg/L)

b2. Qf (m3/day) = 5 m3/sec X 3600sec/hr X 24hr/Day

Qf (m3/day) = 432,000 m3/day
Nf = 100 days/year
Ln (kg/year) = (40 – 0.0050) x (432,000 X 100) x 0.001
(Pasig River: Class A-Hg: ) Ca (Hg) =0.005 mg/L

Ln (kg/year) = 1,727,784 kg/year

WFR (P/yr) = 8,638,920 P/yr

Annual Permit Fee = P 3,900.00

DAO 1990-35
Sample Problem No. 8 (Toxic Effluent @ Steady State w/
unconventional Pollutant)
1. Consider Lake Buhi (Class B) with 10 Million m3 of fresh water
fed by a polluted stream having a flow rate of 5m3/L and
incoming stream from with Cadmium concentration of 10mg/L.
In addition, is another waste discharge of 0.5m3/s from a
Notorious Company B having same pollutant with concentration
of 100mg/L. The stream and waste discharge have a reaction
rate coefficient of 0.20/day. Assuming the pollution is
completely mixed in the lake, and assuming no evaporation or
other water losses or gains, find the steady state concentration
downstream Lake Buhi (Class B) in Bicol.
a. Will Lake Buhi comply under DAO 34.
b. Will Company B comply under DAO 35?. Assuming it was
operating 24 hrs/day for 100 days, Compute for Waste
Discharge Fee, Compute also for Annual Permit Fee.
Problem No. 7 (Toxic Effluent @ Steady State w/ unconventional Pollutant)
1. Given :

Solution: INPUT RATE = OUTPUT RATE + KCV equation (1)

INPUT RATE = CsQs + CwQw
= (5 m3/s X 10 mg/L) + (0.5 m3/s X 100 mg/L) X 103 L/m3
= 1 X 105 mg/s

OUTPUT RATE = CmQm = Cm (Qs +Qw )

= (5mg/L+ 0.5mg/L ) x C x 103 L/m3
= 5.5 X 103 C mg/s
Problem No. 7 (Toxic Effluent @ Steady State w/
unconventional Pollutant)

Solution:
Decay Rate = K C V
= 0.2 d/d x C mg/L x (10 x106m3) x 103 L/m3
24 hr/d x 3,600 sec/hr
Decay Rate = 23.1 x 103 C mg/sec

From equation (1):

INPUT RATE = OUTPUT RATE + KCV
1 X 105 mg/s = 5.5 X 103 C mg/s + 23.1 x 103 C mg/sec
1 X 105 mg/s = 28.6 x 103 C mg/sec
C = 1 X 105 mg/s = 3.5 mg/L > 0.01 mg/L
28.6 x 103
b. Qf (m3/day) = 0.5 m3/sec X 3600sec/hr X 24hr/Day
Qf (m3/day) = 43,200 m3/day
Nf = 100 days/year
Ln (kg/year) = (100 – 0.02) x (43,200 X 100) x 0.001
(Rio Guinobatan River : Class C-Cd: ) Ca (Hg) =0.02 mg/L

Ln (kg/year) = 431,913.6 kg/year

WFR (P/yr) = 2,159,568 P/yr

Annual Permit Fee = P 3,900.00

Problem No. 8A (Toxic Effluent @ Steady State)
1. A stream flowing at 15m3/s has a tributary from a
Notorious Company A feeding into it with a flow of 7 m3/s.
The stream’s is contaminated upstream of the junction
with mercury (Hg) concentration of 23mg/L and the
tributary mercury (Hg) concentration from said Company
A is 42 mg/L. Treating mercury as a conservative
substance, and assuming complete mixing of the two
streams, find the downstream Total Mercury concentration
directly discharge at Kamanitohan River .
a. Will Kamanitohan River comply under DAO 34.
b. Will Company A discharge comply under DAO 35?
Assuming it was operating 24 hrs/day for 100 days,
Compute for Waste Discharge Fee, Compute also for
Annual Permit Fee.
Problem No. 8B (Toxic Effluent @ Steady State w/
unconventional Pollutant)
1. Consider Laguna Lake with 20 Million m3 of fresh water fed by
a polluted stream From Company A with flow rate of 5m3/L and
with Arsenic concentration of 10mg/L and waste discharge of
6m3/s of a Company B having same pollutant with
concentration of 95mg/L. The stream and waste discharge
have a reaction rate coefficient of 0.10/day due to dilution from
a river vortex. Assuming the pollution is completely mixed in
the lake, and assuming no evaporation or other water losses or
gains, find the steady state concentration downstream of said
Lake.
a. Will Laguna Lake comply under DAO 34.
b. Will Company A & B comply under DAO 35?. Assuming it
was operating 24 hrs/day for 100 days, Compute for Waste
Discharge Fee, Compute also for Annual Permit Fee.
Problem No. 9 (Toxic Effluent @ Steady State w/ unconventional Pollutant)
1. Given :

Solution: INPUT RATE = OUTPUT RATE + KCV equation (1)

INPUT RATE = CsQs + CwQw
= (95mg/L X 6 m3/s) + (5mg/L X 10 m3/s) X 103 L/m3
= ____ mg/s

OUTPUT RATE = CmQm = Cw (Qs +Qw )

= (6mg/L+ 5mg/L ) x C x 103 L/m3
= ______C mg/s
Solution: INPUT RATE = OUTPUT RATE + KCV equation (1)

INPUT RATE = CsQs + CwQw

= (95mg/L X 6 m3/s) + (5mg/L X 10 m3/s) X 103 L/m3
= ____ mg/s

OUTPUT RATE = CmQm = Cw (Qs +Qw )

= (6mg/L+ 5mg/L ) x C x 103 L/m3
= ______C mg/s