ADVANCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

CE484/CE684
AGGREGATES
(Date:09-09-2019)

T Venkatesh Varma
1901204001
Research Scholar
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Indore
Contents
 Introduction
 Aggregate classification
 Aggregate gradation
 Test for aggregates.
 Code of practices
 Present research on aggregates
 Conclusions
 References
 INTRODUCTION
300 mm 80 mm 4.75 mm 75µm 2µm

Boulder Cobble Gravel Sand Silt Clay

Fig.1: 20 mm aggregate
 Aggregates: Inert material which are mixed with binding materials to form
concrete.
 Uses:
• underlying material for foundations
• ingredient in concrete
 Desirable properties:
• Strength
• Hardness
• Toughness
• Durability
• Porosity
• Free from impurities
Classification of aggregates
Classification

Based on size Based on source Based on density

Fine Coarse Natural Manufactured

aggregate aggregate aggregate aggregate

Light Normal Heavy

weight weight weight
 Gradation of aggregates
 Distribution of particles among various sizes
 Importance: workability and economy

Fig.2: Set of seives Fig.3: Seive shaker

 Fineness Modulus : empirical factor indicating how fine a material is.

FM= %cumulative retained divided by 100
Gradation of aggregates
IS 2386 Part 1 (1963)
 Test for aggregates
 IS 2386 :1963 (R2016)
 Part I: Particle size and shape
 Part II: Estimation of deleterious materials and organic
impurities
 Part III: Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and
bulking
 Part IV: Mechanical properties like crushing, abrasion,
impact
 Part V: Soundness test
 Cont…
1. Particle size and shape test (Flakiness test)

Fig.4: Flakiness index apparatus

 Flakiness index: least dimension < 0.6 x mean

dimension
 Not allowed for size < 6.3 mm
 For road construction: desirable < 15%
Fig. 5: Flaky aggregate
Cont…
1. Particle size and shape test (Elongation test)

Fig.6: Elongation index apparatus

 Elongation index: greatest dimension > 1.8 x mean

dimension
 Not allowed for size < 6.3 mm
Fig.7: Elongated aggregate
 Cont…
1. Particle size and shape test (Angularity index)
Angularity number
100W
 AN  67 
CGA

 W is mean weight in g of the aggregate in cylinder

C is weight of water in g required to fill the cylinder
GA is specific gravity of aggregate
 % voids exceeds 33 after being compacted in a prescribed manner
Cont…
Deleterious materials

Table 3:Limits of deleterious materials (IS 383: 2016)

 Cont…
2. Specific gravity and water absorption
 Method 1: size > 10 mm
 2 kg sample placed in wired mesh basket are kept immersed in distilled water
for a period of 24 hours.
 A1 = weight of basket + sample + water
 A2 = weight of basket + water
 B = weight of aggregates after surface drying
 C = weight of aggregates after oven dried for 24 hours at 100  1100 C

Specific gravity = C
B- A

C
Apparent specific gravity =
C-A
100( B  C )
Water absorption (% of dry weight) =
C
 Cont…
2. Specific gravity and water absorption
 Method 1: size 10 mm to 40mm
 1 kg sample screened on a 10mm seive immersed in distilled water in a vessel
for a period of 24 hours.
 A = weight of vessel + sample + water
 B = weight of emptied vessel + water
 C = weight of surface dried aggregates
 D = weight of aggregates after oven dried for 24 hours at 100  1100 C
D
Specific gravity =
C  ( A  B)

D
Apparent specific gravity =
D  ( A  B)
100(C  D)
Water absorption (% of dry weight) =
D
 Cont…
3. Aggregate crushing test
 Resistance to crushing under gradually applied compressive load
 W1 = test sample weight in g
 W2 = crushed aggregates passing 2.36mm sieve
 Value = w2/w1 in %.
 Desirable : < 30% for wearing course else perform “ten percent fines”
(IS 383:2016).

Fig.8: Aggregate testing apparatus

 Cont…
4. Abrasion test
 Resistance due to wearing/abrasion action
 Apparatus : Los angeles abrasion apparatus
 W1 = sample (5 to 10 kg)
 W2 = crushed aggregates passing 1.7mm sieve
 Value = w2/w1 in %.
 Desirable : < 30% for wearing course else 50% .

Fig.9: Aggregate Abrasion testing setup

 Cont…
5. Impact test
 Resistance to fracture under repeated impact
 Apparatus : Los angeles abrasion apparatus
 W1 = sample
 W2 = crushed aggregates passing 2.36mm
sieve
 Value = w2/w1 in %.
 Desirable : < 30% for wearing course
else <45%.
(22% for >M65 grade)
(IS 383:2016)

Fig.10: Aggregate Impact testing setup

 Cont…
6. Soundness test
 Resistance to weathering action
 Reagents: saturated solutions of sodium sulphate and magnesium
sulphate
 Immersed for 16-18 hours and oven dried at 1050 c to constant weight.
 Number of cycles : As agreed
 Desirable (After 5 cycles) : Fine aggregates: 10% (sodium sulphate)
15% (Magnesium Sulphate)
Coarse aggregates: 12% (sodium sulphate)
18% (Magnesium Sulphate)
 Some other code of practices
ASTM standards
 C29/C29M : Test methods for bulk density and voids in aggregates
 C33 : requirement for grading of fine and coarse aggregates
 C88 : Soundness of aggregates
 C330: Specification for light weight aggregates in structural concrete

British standards
 BS 812 : Testing aggregates
 BS 882: Aggregates from natural source of concrete
 BS EN 12620: Aggregates for concrete
Present research on aggregates
Abutaha et al. (2016)

Fig.11: Palm oil clinker (POC);

(a) fine aggregates; (b) coarse
aggregates (Abutaha et al. ,2016)

(a) (b)

Fig.12: Slump results for each level of replacement of fine and coarse
aggregates (Abutaha et al. ,2016)
 Contd…

Fig. 13: POC coarse aggregate

replacement (Abutaha et al.,
2016)

Fig.14: Strength
development with fine
aggregates
(Abutaha et al., 2016)
 Contd…

Fig. 13: POC coarse aggregate

replacement (Abutaha et al.,
2016)

Fig.14: Strength
development with fine
aggregates
(Abutaha et al., 2016)
Contd…
Sukontasukkul et al. (2016)

Fig.14: Strength development with fine aggregates (Sukontasukkul et al., 2016)

 Contd…
Nadesan and Dinakar (2017)
 Reviewed sintered fly ash light weight aggregates in structural concrete.
 16-46% less specific gravity than normal weight aggregates.
 28 day compressive strength is in the range of 27-74 MPa.
 CONCLUSIONS
 Research on aggregates towards sustainable development.
 Replaced aggregates should include tests for thermal properties also.
REFERENCE
 Abutaha, F., Razak, H. A., & Kanadasan, J. (2016). Effect of palm oil
clinker (POC) aggregates on fresh and hardened properties of
concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 112, 416-423.
 Sukontasukkul, P., Intawong, E., Preemanoch, P., & Chindaprasirt, P.
(2016). Use of paraffin impregnated lightweight aggregates to improve
thermal properties of concrete panels. Materials and Structures, 49(5),
1793-1803.
 Nadesan, M. S., & Dinakar, P. (2017). Structural concrete using sintered
flyash lightweight aggregate: A review. Construction and building
materials, 154, 928-944.
 IS 2386 (1963) Reaffirmed 2016. Methods of testing for aggregates for
concrete.
 IS 383 (2016). Coarse and fine aggregates for concrete- Specifications
 Khanna, S. K., & Justo, C. E. G. (Nineth edition, 2011). Highway
engineering. Nem Chand & Bros.