Projection of

Straight Lines
 Learning Objectives
• Learn the description of quadrant on a plane of paper.

• Learn the projection of point

• Learn the projection of straight lines in a 3-D space.

Projection of Points
Quadrant description of an object (entity)

1. Above HP and in-front of VP - I quadrant

2. Above HP and behind VP - II quadrant
3. Below HP and behind VP - III quadrant
4. Below HP and in-front of VP - IV quadrant
 Projection of Point in
I, II, III and IV Quadrant
 Case-1
Point A is in I Quadrant
Point ‘A’ is located 75 mm above HP and 125 mm in front of VP. It’s
TV (a) appears on HP and FV (a’) appears on VP. Orthographic view
shows FV above x-y line and TV below x-y line after the rotation of
HP through 90o.
 Case-2
Point B is in II Quadrant
Point ‘B’ is located 50 mm above HP and 150 mm behind VP. It’s TV
(b) appears on HP and FV (b’) appears on VP. Orthographic view
shows FV as well as TV are above x-y line after the rotation of HP
through 90o.
 Case-3
Point C in III Quadrant
Point ‘C’ is located 100 mm below HP and 100 mm behind VP. It’s TV
(c) appears on HP and FV (c’) appears on VP. Orthographic view shows
TV above x-y line and FV below x-y line after the rotation of HP through
90o.
 Case-4
Point D in IV Quadrant
Point ‘D’ is located 125 mm below HP and 75 mm in front of VP. It’s TV (d)
appears on HP and FV (d’) appears on VP. Orthographic view shows FV as
well as TV are below x-y line after the rotation of HP through 90o.
Comparison of I and III Quadrant
Comparison of II and IV Quadrant
Straight Lines
 Notations

TL True length
AL Apparent length
TI True inclination
AI Apparent inclination

Lengths TL AL Angles TI AI

TV AB ab HP  

FV A’B’ a’b’ VP  
Various Positions of Straight Lines
w.r.to Reference Planes
 Observations

The projections (apparent lengths: ab and

a’b’) have got common end projectors.

The apparent angles are greater than the

true angles.
PROJECTION OF
STRAIGHT LINES
(EXAMPLES)
 Example 1
• Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm
above HP and 50 mm in front of VP. End
point B is in I quadrant. The line is parallel
to VP and makes an inclination of 30
degrees to HP. Draw projections of the
straight line AB.
Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm above HP and 50 mm in front
of VP. End point B is in I quadrant. The line is parallel to VP and makes
an inclination of 30 degrees to HP. Draw projections of the straight line
AB.
 Example 2
Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm
above HP and 50 mm in front of VP. End
point B is in I quadrant. The line is parallel
to HP and makes an inclination of 40o to
VP. Draw projections of the straight line
AB.
Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm above HP and 50 mm in front
of VP. End point B is in I quadrant. The line is parallel to HP and makes
an inclination of 40o to VP. Draw projections of the straight line AB.
 Skew Line
(Line inclined to both HP and VP)
(TYPE-A): True lengths and true inclinations are given.
Find out apparent length and apparent inclinations.
 Skew Line
(Line inclined to both HP and VP)
True lengths and true inclinations are given. Find out
apparent length and apparent inclinations.
 Skew Line
(Line inclined to both HP and VP)
True lengths and true inclinations are given. Find out
apparent length and apparent inclinations.
Stage-I and Stage-II are combined
 Skew Line
(Line inclined to both HP and VP)
(TYPE-B): Line AB 200 mm long has its end A 75 mm
above HP and 50 mm in front of VP. End point B is in I
quadrant. The line makes an angle of 30o to HP and
40o to VP. Draw the projections of the straight line AB
and find apparent inclinations.
 A room has a floor area of 6m X 4m and height 5m. A steel rod
of negligible diameter and length 4m is suspended from two
opposite corners of the ceiling by two non elastic ropes PQ and
RS. The ropes are attached to the ends of the rod in such a way
that the rod is hung horizontally at the midway of the height of
the room.
Determine the length of each rope.
Obtain the angle made by the rope with the floor.
Obtain the angle made by the rope with one of the longer wall.
Note: Take 1 m = 1 Grid Spacing.
A room has a floor area of 6m X 4m and
height 5m. A steel rod of negligible
diameter and length 4m is suspended
from two opposite corners of the ceiling
by two non elastic ropes PQ and RS. The
ropes are attached to the ends of the rod
in such a way that the rod is hung
horizontally at the midway of the height
of the room.
 Traces of line
The point of intersection of the line with HP is called the
horizontal trace (HT) and with VP is called the vertical
trace (VT).
A straight line AB has its end point A 50mm in front of VP while

the other end is 150mm in front of VP. The length of the line in

plan is 150mm and the HT is 25mm in front of VP.

Determine the projections of the line AB, if alpha is 30 degrees.

Obtain the true inclinations and true length of AB.

Specify the distance of VT with reference to XY line.

A straight line AB has its end point A 50mm in front of VP while the other
end is 150mm in front of VP. The length of the line in plan is 150mm and
the HT is 25mm in front of VP.
Determine the projections of the line AB, if alpha is 30 degrees.

HT Line

b line
A straight line AB has its end point A 50mm in front of VP while the other end is
150mm in front of VP. The length of the line in plan is 150mm and the HT is
25mm in front of VP. Determine the projections of the line AB, if alpha is 30
degrees.
Obtain the true inclinations
and true length of AB.
Specify the distance of VT
with reference to XY line.
A straight line AB has its end point A 50mm above HP and

25mm in front of VP. The other end of the line is 150mm

above HP. VT is located 25mm above HP and the distance

between end projectors is 200mm.

Determine the projections of the line AB.

Obtain the true inclinations, apparent inclinations and true

length of AB.

Locate HT.
A straight line AB has its end point A 50mm above HP and 25mm in front of VP. The
other end of the line is 150mm above HP. VT is located 25mm above HP and the
distance between end projectors is 200mm.
The end point A of a line AB is 50mm above HP and its VT

is 50mm below HP. The front view of the line AB measures

200mm and is inclined at 45o to the XY line.

(a) Draw the projections of AB if the end point B is in the

first quadrant and the line is inclined at 30o to VP.

(b) Find the true length and true inclinations.

(c) Locate HT and determine the distance from XY line.

The end point A of a line AB is 50mm above HP and its VT is 50mm below HP. The front view of the line
AB measures 200mm and is inclined at 45o to the XY line. Draw the projections of AB if the end point B is
in the first quadrant and the line is inclined at 30o to VP.